{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:19:09Z","timestamp":1793146749902,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-07020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-07020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microvascular Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:50:34Z","timestamp":1770252634000},"page":"104917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dose-dependent effects of diamide and glutaraldehyde on red blood cell deformability, viscosity, and morphology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Turcitu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Champagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy Vinh","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Fenech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V64.6.1228.1228","article-title":"Red blood cell deformability influences platelets--vessel wall interaction in flowing blood","volume":"64","author":"Aarts","year":"1984","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00514","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde \u2013 a subtle tool in the investigation of healthy and pathologic red blood cells","volume":"10","author":"Abay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2012-1616","article-title":"Data reduction methods for ektacytometry in clinical hemorheology","volume":"54","author":"Baskurt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4620","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38547-2","article-title":"The effect of mild diamide oxidation on the structure and function of human erythrocyte spectrin","volume":"261","author":"Becker","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0025","series-title":"Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations","article-title":"Hemoglobin and hematocrit","author":"Billett","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9080384","article-title":"Assessment of the deformability and velocity of healthy and artificially impaired red blood cells in narrow Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels","volume":"9","author":"Boas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-151957","article-title":"Endurance training alters enzymatic and rheological properties of red blood cells (RBC) in type 2 diabetic men during in vivo RBC aging","volume":"63","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.761362","article-title":"Red blood cell extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery: challenges and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Chiangjong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.49.030187.001141","article-title":"Red cell deformability and its relevance to blood flow","author":"Chien","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0050","series-title":"Handbook of Red Blood Cells","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blood rheology: key parameters and impact on blood flow","author":"Connes","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2013.04.003","article-title":"Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders","volume":"27","author":"Da Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00584307","article-title":"Capillary resistance to flow of hardened (diamide treated) red blood cells (RBC)","volume":"392","author":"Driessen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch. - Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(88)82982-5","article-title":"On the measurement of shear elastic moduli and viscosities of erythrocyte plasma membranes by transient deformation in high frequency electric fields","volume":"54","author":"Engelhardt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00576","article-title":"Mechanical signature of red blood cells flowing out of a microfluidic constriction is impacted by membrane elasticity, cell surface-to-volume ratio and diseases","volume":"11","author":"Faivre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(78)90027-5","article-title":"Selective alteration of erythrocyte deformability by SH-reagents. evidence for an involvement of spectrin in membrane shear elasticity","volume":"510","author":"Fischer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2010.03.008","article-title":"The dynamic behavior of chemically \u201cstiffened\u201d red blood cells in microchannel flows","volume":"80","author":"Forsyth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06279.x","article-title":"A detailed study of time-dependent changes in human red blood cells: from reticulocyte maturation to erythrocyte senescence","volume":"135","author":"Gifford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V85.7.1920.bloodjournal8571920","article-title":"Naturally occurring human anti-band 3 autoantibodies accelerate clearance of erythrocytes in guinea pigs","volume":"85","author":"Giger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86582-8","article-title":"Characterizing bulk rigidity of rigid red blood cell populations in sickle-cell disease patients","volume":"11","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0100","first-page":"847","article-title":"Physical properties of red cells as related to effects in vivo. I. Increased rigidity of erythrocytes as measured by viscosity of cells altered by chemical fixation, sickling and hypertonicity","volume":"32","author":"Ham","year":"1968","journal-title":"Blood J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110450","article-title":"Erythrocyte mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate hemolytic events under osmotic and oxidative stress and in hemolytic diseases","volume":"99","author":"Hazegh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(82)90409-6","article-title":"Deformability of isolated red blood cell membranes","volume":"691","author":"Heath","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0115","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effect of normal human erythrocytes on blood rheology in microcirculation","volume":"53","author":"Hirata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osaka City Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109964","article-title":"Decreased survival in vivo of diamide-incubated dog erythrocytes. A model of oxidant-induced hemolysis","volume":"66","author":"Johnson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38576","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04027","article-title":"Simple assessment of red blood cell deformability using blood pressure in capillary channels for effective detection of subpopulations in red blood cells","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V69.3.727.727","article-title":"Erythrocyte deformation in shear flow: influences of internal viscosity, membrane stiffness, and hematocrit","volume":"69","author":"Kon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0135","article-title":"Measuring red blood cell deformability and its heterogeneity using a fast microfluidic device","volume":"5","author":"Kumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17842-4","article-title":"Measuring haemolysis in cattle serum by direct UV\u2013VIS and RGB digital image-based methods","volume":"12","author":"Larr\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.135056","article-title":"Intelligent image-based deformability assessment of red blood cells via dynamic shape classification","volume":"401","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-025-00956-w","article-title":"Engineering in vitro vascular microsystems","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003839","article-title":"In vivo volume and hemoglobin dynamics of human red blood cells","volume":"10","author":"Malka","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC01058A","article-title":"Technologies for measuring red blood cell deformability","author":"Matthews","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518109097476","article-title":"Erythrocyte deformability and blood apparent viscosity in narrow capillaries","volume":"41","author":"Mckay","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01329","article-title":"Blood rheology: key parameters, impact on blood flow, role in sickle cell disease and effects of exercise","volume":"10","author":"Nader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6107(91)90002-A","article-title":"An EPR study on erythrocyte deformability","volume":"55","author":"Noji","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111529","article-title":"Effect of cell age and membrane rigidity on red blood cell shape in capillary flow","volume":"12","author":"Nouaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/10.83583","article-title":"Measurement of human red blood cell deformability using a single micropore on a thin Si\/sub 3\/N\/sub 4\/ film","volume":"38","author":"Ogura","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081262","article-title":"Oxidative stress in healthy and pathological red blood cells","volume":"13","author":"Orrico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79710-3","article-title":"Microfluidic capillary networks are more sensitive than ektacytometry to the decline of red blood cell deformability induced by storage","volume":"11","author":"Piety","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.523702","article-title":"In vitro investigation of the mechanics of fixed red blood cells based on optical trap micromanipulation and image analysis","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C473","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1985.248.5.C473","article-title":"Roles of cell geometry and cellular viscosity in red cell passage through narrow pores","volume":"248","author":"Reinhart","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2015.01.010","article-title":"Effect of osmolality on erythrocyte rheology and perfusion of an artificial microvascular network","volume":"98","author":"Reinhart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43200-y","article-title":"Impact of surface-area-to-volume ratio, internal viscosity and membrane viscoelasticity on red blood cell deformability measured in isotonic condition","volume":"9","author":"Renoux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4884420","article-title":"Total three-dimensional imaging of phase objects using defocusing microscopy: application to red blood cells","volume":"104","author":"Roma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14015","article-title":"Spherocytic shift of red blood cells during storage provides a quantitative whole cell\u2013based marker of the storage lesion","volume":"57","author":"Roussel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018024562","article-title":"Sensing of red blood cells with decreased membrane deformability by the human spleen","volume":"2","author":"Safeukui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518109097425","article-title":"What is red cell deformability?","volume":"41","author":"Schmid-sch\u00f6nbein","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0240","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Physiology, Plasma Osmolality and Oncotic Pressure","author":"Shah","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1039\/b601554a","article-title":"Direct measurement of the impact of impaired erythrocyte deformability on microvascular network perfusion in a microfluidic device","volume":"6","author":"Shevkoplyas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9768","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09768","article-title":"Single-cell evaluation of red blood cell bio-mechanical and nano-structural alterations upon chemically induced oxidative stress","volume":"5","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-131719","article-title":"The relationship between red blood cell deformability metrics and perfusion of an artificial microvascular network","volume":"57","author":"Sosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518109097473","article-title":"Polymicroviscometry of spectrin cross-linked red blood cells: theoretical and clinical implications","volume":"41","author":"Teitel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/mps7010011","article-title":"A simplified method for calculating surface area of mammalian erythrocytes","volume":"7","author":"Udroiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114412","article-title":"Blood thixotropy in patients with sickle cell anaemia: role of Haematocrit and red blood cell rheological properties","volume":"9","author":"Vent-Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-020-03010-9","article-title":"Characterization of hereditary red blood cell membranopathies using combined targeted next-generation sequencing and osmotic gradient ektacytometry","volume":"113","author":"Vives-Corrons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0280","series-title":"Fluidized Bed Technologies for Near-Zero Emission Combustion and Gasification","first-page":"42","article-title":"2 - particle characterization and behavior relevant to fluidized bed combustion and gasification systems","author":"Wang","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.5c00019","article-title":"Subcellular mechanical imaging of erythrocytes with optically correlated scanning ion conductance microscopy","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Meas. Sci. Au"}],"container-title":["Microvascular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026286226000178?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026286226000178?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:41:59Z","timestamp":1774028519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0026286226000178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0026286226000178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-2862"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-2862","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dose-dependent effects of diamide and glutaraldehyde on red blood cell deformability, viscosity, and morphology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microvascular Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104917","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104917"}}