{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:20:18Z","timestamp":1792016418244,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024085","name":"Tax Counseling for the Elderly","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004764","name":"Thiagarajar College of Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRF\/Jul-2024\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRF\/Jul-2024\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microvascular Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:57:19Z","timestamp":1774461439000},"page":"104945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Retinal imaging and AI for non-invasive detection of diabetic macrovascular complications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2125-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.R.","family":"Ezhil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6173-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Sridevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095","article-title":"2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases","volume":"39","author":"Aboyans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0010","series-title":"9th International Proceedings on Proceedings","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribution title","author":"Author","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0015","article-title":"Retinal microvascular parameters and carotid plaque: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00626-4","article-title":"A deep-learning system for the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk via the measurement of retinal-vessel calibre","volume":"5","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0025","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy and the risk of coronary heart disease: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849","article-title":"Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease","volume":"116","author":"Criqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu281","article-title":"2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases","volume":"35","author":"Erbel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0040","series-title":"2024 OITS International Conference on Information Technology (OCIT)","first-page":"68","article-title":"Leveraging innovative CNN architectures for diabetic retinopathy detection","author":"Ezhil","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0045","series-title":"Innovative and Intelligent Computing for Global Sustainability","first-page":"45","article-title":"Rapid and precise diabetic retinopathy detection using OCT features in retinal imaging","author":"Ezhil","year":"2026"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0050","first-page":"55","article-title":"Exploring the intersection of AI and diabetes: insights through non-invasive technique using retina","volume":"25","author":"Ezhil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.03.009","article-title":"Blood vessel segmentation methodologies in retinal images \u2013 a survey","volume":"108","author":"Fraz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0060","article-title":"Diabetes prevalence and impact data 1990\u20132021","author":"Global Burden of Disease Study","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0065","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameters and their relationship with cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality in the Inter99 eye study: a 15-year follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Hanssen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.11.1317","article-title":"Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care","volume":"286","author":"Hirsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0085","series-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp306","article-title":"Prediction of incident stroke events based on retinal vessel caliber: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"McGeechan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0487-z","article-title":"Detection of anaemia from retinal fundus images via deep learning","volume":"4","author":"Mitani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0105","first-page":"2542","article-title":"Retinal vascular fractal dimension and peripheral arterial disease: the Singapore Malay eye study","volume":"120","author":"Ong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0195-0","article-title":"Prediction of cardiovascular risk factors from retinal fundus photographs via deep learning","volume":"2","author":"Poplin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.879967","article-title":"Retinal vessel segmentation using the 2-D Gabor wavelet and supervised classification","volume":"25","author":"Soares","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.05.029","article-title":"Development and validation of deep learning models for screening multiple abnormal findings in retinal fundus images","volume":"127","author":"Son","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.04.003","article-title":"Deep learning in ophthalmology: the technical and clinical considerations","volume":"72","author":"Ting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0130","first-page":"1885","article-title":"Human visual system-inspired deep neural network for retinal fundus disease diagnosis","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0135","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of coronary heart disease: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"287","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1109\/83.931095","article-title":"Segmentation of vessel-like patterns using mathematical morphology and curvature evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Zana","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945_bb0145","article-title":"Deep learning for retinal image analysis: a comprehensive survey","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."}],"container-title":["Microvascular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026286226000452?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026286226000452?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T16:39:48Z","timestamp":1783960788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0026286226000452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S0026286226000452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-2862"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-2862","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Retinal imaging and AI for non-invasive detection of diabetic macrovascular complications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microvascular Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104945","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104945"}}