{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:17:16Z","timestamp":1788905836927,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal de Mycologie M\u00e9dicale"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T01:31:12Z","timestamp":1489541472000},"page":"153-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Etiology, symptomatology and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Mtibaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Fakhfakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kallel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Belhadj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Belhaj Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Bada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kallel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species isolated from the patients with vaginal candidiasis","author":"Nagashima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2014.04.006","article-title":"Genital candidiasis","volume":"42","author":"Sobel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.12.020","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida species and potential risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis in Aligarh, India","volume":"144","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolates in cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis","author":"El-Feky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alex J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.11.022","article-title":"The epidemiology of Candida species associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis in an Iranian patient population","volume":"155","author":"Rad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2010.01.001","article-title":"Les candidoses vulvovaginales\u00a0: facteurs de risque et particularit\u00e9s cliniques et mycologiques","volume":"20","author":"Anane","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.02.027","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomoniasis in the Tibetan area of Sichuan Province","volume":"150","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2011.03.003","article-title":"La candidose vulvo-vaginale \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital militaire d\u2019instruction Mohammed V (Maroc)","volume":"21","author":"Benchellal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15992","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.8(4)2015.15992","article-title":"Isolation of different species of Candida in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis from Sari","volume":"8","author":"Hedayati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2014.01.003","article-title":"Place des candidoses vulvo-vaginales au cours des infections g\u00e9nitales basses et facteurs de risque associ\u00e9s chez les femmes au B\u00e9nin","volume":"24","author":"Ogouy\u00e8mi-Hounto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00726-9","article-title":"Treatment of vaginitis caused by Candida glabrata: use of topical boric acid and flucytosine","volume":"189","author":"Sobel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.12.001","article-title":"Weekly fluconazole therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80001-X","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations","volume":"178","author":"Sobel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.11.1368","article-title":"Evaluation of vaginal complaints","volume":"291","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(03)00018-0","article-title":"Diagnostic des vaginites en m\u00e9decine g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u00a0: confrontation clinique et bact\u00e9riologique","volume":"33","author":"Boisivon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(03)00096-4","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Italy","volume":"110","author":"Corsello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0085","first-page":"757","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm","volume":"92","author":"Eckert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.09.015","article-title":"Prevalence of clinical Candidiasis in a university hospital and possible risk factors","volume":"126","author":"Grigoriou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2010.01.005","article-title":"La candidose vulvo-vaginale\u00a0: revue","volume":"20","author":"Amouri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2155-2162.2005","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vul-vovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases","volume":"43","author":"Richter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219480000341","article-title":"Comparative in vitro activity of antimycotic agents against pathogenic vaginal yeast isolates","volume":"32","author":"Lynch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Vet Mycol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2014.05.001","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility profile of 200 recent clinical isolates of Candida spp. to topical antifungal treatments of vulvovaginal candidiasis, the imidazoles and nystatin agents","volume":"24","author":"Choukri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2014.01.060","article-title":"Species distribution and susceptibility of Candida isolates from patient with vulvovaginal candidiasis in Southern China from 2003 to 2012","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.067","article-title":"Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"214","author":"Sobel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e318273e8cf","article-title":"Prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in 5 European countries and the United States: results from an internet panel survey","volume":"17","author":"Foxman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.029","article-title":"Individualized decreasing-dose maintenance fluconazole regimen for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (ReCiDiF trial)","volume":"199","author":"Donders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidosis","volume":"369","author":"Sobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0140","first-page":"261","article-title":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des candidoses vaginales \u00e0 Mitrovica, Kosovo","volume":"77","author":"Guelzim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Int Serv Force Armees"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0145","first-page":"1","article-title":"Profil \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique et \u00e9tiologique de la candidose vulvo-vaginale chez la femme enceinte \u00e0 Yaound\u00e9","volume":"16","author":"Kechia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Sci Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2013.11.006","article-title":"Aetiologies and contributing factors of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Abidjan (Cote d\u2019Ivoire)","volume":"24","author":"Konat\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-2-1","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal Candida colonization in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"De Leon","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1028-4559(08)60010-8","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis and its related factors in diabetic women","volume":"46","author":"Malazy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0165","first-page":"757","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors","volume":"92","author":"Linda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Management Algorithm Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05418.x","article-title":"\u201cNot thrush again!\u201d Women's experience of post-antibiotic vulvovaginitis","volume":"179","author":"Pirotta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.609","article-title":"The effect of vaginal candidiasis on the shedding of human immunodeficiency virus in cervicovaginal secretions","volume":"192","author":"Spinillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.025700","article-title":"Genotype distribution of Candida albicans strains associated with different conditions of vulvovaginal candidiasis, as revealed by microsatellite typing","volume":"84","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003_bib0185","first-page":"48","article-title":"Genotyping and fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans strains from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis in Jos, Nigeri","author":"Nnadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal de Mycologie M\u00e9dicale"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1156523316301421?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1156523316301421?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T05:18:21Z","timestamp":1761110301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1156523316301421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1156523316301421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1156-5233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1156-5233","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Etiology, symptomatology and risk factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal de Mycologie M\u00e9dicale","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}