{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:06:30Z","timestamp":1790557590592,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS36736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS36736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS43802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS43802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS45048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS45048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30470592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30470592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30670642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30670642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J0730860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J0730860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurobiology of Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]],"date-time":"2009-12-22T04:08:26Z","timestamp":1261454906000},"page":"711-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Ethyl pyruvate protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury via anti-cell death and anti-inflammatory mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Anne","family":"Stetler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199908000-00001","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and stroke: new opportunities for novel therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Barone","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20796","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.025353","article-title":"calcium elevation in mitochondria is the main Ca2+ requirement for mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening","volume":"284","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.9.1916","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in the cerebral cortex after ischemia in the P7 neonatal Rat","volume":"30","author":"Benjelloun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.01.037","article-title":"Glial activation in white matter following ischemia in the neonatal P7 rat brain","volume":"199","author":"Biran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.040","article-title":"Free radicals, mitochondria, and hypoxia-ischemia in the developing brain","volume":"40","author":"Blomgren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14046","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.20.14046","article-title":"Calpastatin is up-regulated in response to hypoxia and is a suicide substrate to calpain after neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"274","author":"Blomgren","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10191","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007807200","article-title":"Synergistic activation of caspase-3 by m-calpain after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia: a mechanism of \u201cpathological apoptosis\u201d?","volume":"276","author":"Blomgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.21.4842","article-title":"AIF-mediated programmed necrosis: a highly regulated way to die","volume":"6","author":"Boujrad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.09.023","article-title":"Minocycline alleviates hypoxic-ischemic injury to developing oligodendrocytes in the neonatal rat brain","volume":"137","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05423.2002","article-title":"In vivo delivery of a Bcl-xL fusion protein containing the TAT protein transduction domain protects against ischemic brain injury and neuronal apoptosis","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000087090.01171.E7","article-title":"Translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in vulnerable neurons after transient cerebral ischemia and in neuronal cultures after oxygen-glucose deprivation","volume":"23","author":"Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9278","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2826-07.2007","article-title":"Critical role of calpain I in mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor in ischemic neuronal injury","volume":"27","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2008.02.005","article-title":"Post-insult minocycline treatment attenuates hypoxia-ischemia-induced neuroinflammation and white matter injury in the neonatal rat: a comparison of two different dose regimens","volume":"26","author":"Carty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000218229.73678.a8","article-title":"Perinatal brain injury and regulation of transcription","volume":"19","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601276","article-title":"Dissociating the dual roles of apoptosis-inducing factor in maintaining mitochondrial structure and apoptosis","volume":"25","author":"Cheung","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)80018-W","article-title":"Calcium: still center-stage in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0341334","article-title":"Targeting Bid to prevent programmed cell death in neurons","volume":"34","author":"Culmsee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1008662","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate decreases HMGB1 release and ameliorates murine colitis","volume":"86","author":"Dave","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01463-0","article-title":"Clinical trials with neuroprotective drugs in acute ischaemic stroke: are we doing the right thing?","volume":"22","author":"De Keyser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00247.x","article-title":"Inflammation and stroke: putative role for cytokines, adhesion molecules and iNOS in brain response to ischemia","volume":"10","author":"del Zoppo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007055503748","article-title":"Attenuation of sugar cataract by ethyl pyruvate","volume":"200","author":"Devamanoharan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.05.088","article-title":"Diazoxide prevents mitochondrial swelling and Ca2+ accumulation in CA1 pyramidal cells after cerebral ischemia in newborn pigs","volume":"1019","author":"Domoki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1009.1","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate, a potentially effective mitigator of damage after total-body irradiation","volume":"168","author":"Epperly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01789.x","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate: a novel anti-inflammatory agent","volume":"261","author":"Fink","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib25","first-page":"234","article-title":"Redox signaling","author":"Forman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(03)00176-7","article-title":"Novel anti-inflammatory therapy for Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199610000-00015","article-title":"Enhanced expression of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 messenger RNA and bioactive protein after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats","volume":"40","author":"Hagberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.079707","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent signaling by directly targeting p65","volume":"312","author":"Han","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.03.012","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate modulates adhesive and secretory reactions in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"84","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00526.x","article-title":"Excitotoxicity in perinatal brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Johnston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.08.029","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory mechanism is involved in ethyl pyruvate-mediated efficacious neuroprotection in the postischemic brain","volume":"1060","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.009","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting ROS-dependent STAT signaling in activated microglia","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9585","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2569-04.2004","article-title":"Na-K-Cl cotransporter-mediated intracellular Na+ accumulation affects Ca2+signaling in astrocytes in an in vitro ischemic model","volume":"24","author":"Lenart","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in rats","volume":"36","author":"Levine","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.06.019","article-title":"Neurological reflexes and early motor behavior in rats subjected to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury","volume":"157","author":"Lubics","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00670.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress in Ca(2+)-induced membrane permeability transition in brain mitochondria","volume":"79","author":"Maciel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.02120.x","article-title":"Pharmacologic suppression of neuronal oxidative damage and dendritic degeneration following direct activation of glial innate immunity in mouse cerebrum","volume":"87","author":"Milatovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-08-02987.1999","article-title":"Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in global and focal cerebral ischemia and in neuronal cultures","volume":"19","author":"Nagayama","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.4.887","article-title":"Cross-talk between two cysteine protease families. Activation of caspase-12 by calpain in apoptosis","volume":"150","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7994","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-21-07994.2000","article-title":"Apoptosis has a prolonged role in the neurodegeneration after hypoxic ischemia in the newborn rat","volume":"20","author":"Nakajima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.181213498","article-title":"Intravenous administration of MEK inhibitor U0126 affords brain protection against forebrain ischemia and focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"98","author":"Namura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200111000-00004","article-title":"Concurrent assessment of calpain and caspase-3 activation after oxygen-glucose deprivation in primary septo-hippocampal cultures","volume":"21","author":"Newcomb-Fernandez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2000.0371","article-title":"Early neurodegeneration after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rat is necrosis while delayed neuronal death is apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Northington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.07.003","article-title":"Apoptosis in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: how important is it and should it be inhibited?","volume":"50","author":"Northington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10671","article-title":"Administration of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 affords brain protection with a wide therapeutic window against focal ischemic insult","volume":"73","author":"Piao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6447","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413269200","article-title":"Calpain I induces cleavage and release of apoptosis-inducing factor from isolated mitochondria","volume":"280","author":"Polster","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400424","article-title":"Cleavage of the calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, during apoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Porn-Ares","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell. Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307657200","article-title":"NADPH oxidase mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity and proinflammatory gene expression in activated microglia","volume":"279","author":"Qin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090206","article-title":"The influence of immaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat","volume":"9","author":"Rice","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000047096","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and neonatal brain damage","volume":"79","author":"Saliba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07761.x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1","volume":"10","author":"Schreck","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200108000-00003","article-title":"Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution ameliorates ischemia\/reperfusion-induced intestinal mucosal injury in rats","volume":"29","author":"Sims","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.056622","article-title":"Evidence that glutathione depletion is a mechanism responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl pyruvate in cultured lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"308","author":"Song","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2004.02.012","article-title":"Mitochondrial calcium and oxidative stress as mediators of ischemic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Starkov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200206000-00006","article-title":"Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock with Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution improves survival and ameliorates intestinal mucosal hyperpermeability in rats","volume":"17","author":"Tawadrous","year":"2002","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2004.12.021","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate enhances ATP levels, reduces oxidative stress and preserves cardiac function in a rat model of off-pump coronary bypass","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9871-x","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of ethyl pyruvate on brain energy metabolism after ischemia-reperfusion injury: a 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance study","volume":"34","author":"Tokumaru","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000151681.07474.2E","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by decreasing hepatic necrosis and apoptosis","volume":"79","author":"Tsung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.192222999","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate prevents lethality in mice with established lethal sepsis and systemic inflammation","volume":"99","author":"Ulloa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769809065799","article-title":"Prevention of intracellular oxidative stress to lens by pyruvate and its ester","volume":"28","author":"Varma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.04.032","article-title":"Calcium dysregulation induces apoptosis-inducing factor release: cross-talk between PARP-1- and calpain-signaling pathways","volume":"218","author":"Vosler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib62","first-page":"270","article-title":"U0126 prevents ERK pathway phosphorylation and interleukin-1beta mRNA production after cerebral ischemia","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.12.020","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate protects PC12 cells from dopamine-induced apoptosis","volume":"508","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6401","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06401.2002","article-title":"Neuroprotection by hypoxic preconditioning requires sequential activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and Akt","volume":"22","author":"Wick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.11.032","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate preserves cardiac function and attenuates oxidative injury after prolonged myocardial ischemia","volume":"127","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G212","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00022.2002","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate modulates inflammatory gene expression in mice subjected to hemorrhagic shock","volume":"283","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(03)00138-0","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates acute alcohol-induced liver injury and inflammation in mice","volume":"142","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.03.043","article-title":"Surviving the kiss of death","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000130835.65462.06","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates distant organ injury in a murine model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4546","article-title":"Delayed ethyl pyruvate therapy attenuates experimental severe acute pancreatitis via reduced serum high mobility group box 1 levels in rats","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.07.015","article-title":"TAT-mediated delivery of Bcl-xL protein is neuroprotective against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury via inhibition of caspases and AIF","volume":"21","author":"Yin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000258102.18836.ca","article-title":"Preconditioning suppresses inflammation in neonatal hypoxic ischemia via Akt activation","volume":"38","author":"Yin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000181779.83472.35","article-title":"Inhibition of the cerebral ischemic injury by ethyl pyruvate with a wide therapeutic window","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.12.055","article-title":"Critical role of PTEN in the coupling between PI3K\/Akt and JNK1\/2 signaling in ischemic brain injury","volume":"581","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib75","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Effect of ethyl pyruvate on physical and immunological barriers of the small intestine in a rat model of sepsis","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401545","article-title":"The influence of age on apoptotic and other mechanisms of cell death after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402053","article-title":"Apoptosis-inducing factor is a major contributor to neuronal loss induced by neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"}],"container-title":["Neurobiology of Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0969996109003659?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0969996109003659?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T05:09:02Z","timestamp":1760850542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0969996109003659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0969996109003659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0969-9961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0969-9961","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ethyl pyruvate protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury via anti-cell death and anti-inflammatory mechanisms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurobiology of Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}