{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T23:35:36Z","timestamp":1769902536909,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurologic Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,14]],"date-time":"2005-04-14T15:48:10Z","timestamp":1113493690000},"page":"523-540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Gulf War Syndrome: A Toxic Exposure? A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gary S.","family":"Gronseth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/369008a0","article-title":"NIH panel rejects Persian Gulf syndrome","volume":"369","author":"Gavaghan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/86.11.820","article-title":"Panel urges further research on Gulf war illness, possible increased cancer risks in veterans","volume":"86","author":"Mathews","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/364659b0","article-title":"Push for Gulf syndrome research","volume":"364","author":"Greene","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.3.238","article-title":"Anonymous. Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans. A population-based study. The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group","volume":"277","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.5.299","article-title":"Health and exposures of United Kingdom Gulf war veterans. Part II: the relation of health to exposure","volume":"58","author":"Cherry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib6","first-page":"2228","article-title":"Musculoskeletal manifestations, pain, and quality of life in Persian Gulf War veterans referred for rheumatologic evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Escalante","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899909602493","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic fatigue and chemical sensitivities in Gulf Registry Veterans","volume":"54","author":"Kipen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890209601419","article-title":"Chronic fatigue in a population-based study of Gulf War veterans","volume":"57","author":"McCauley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/160.3.131","article-title":"Physical health symptomatology of Gulf War-era service personnel from the states of Pennsylvania and Hawaii","volume":"160","author":"Stretch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7311.473","article-title":"Prevalence of Gulf war veterans who believe they have Gulf war syndrome: questionnaire study","volume":"323","author":"Chalder","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.2.121","article-title":"The Department of Defense's Persian Gulf War registry year 2000: an examination of veterans' health status","volume":"167","author":"Stuart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000032755.27372.FC","article-title":"Neurophysiologic analysis of neuromuscular symptoms in UK Gulf War veterans: a controlled study","volume":"59","author":"Sharief","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.10.1484","article-title":"Neurology and Gulf War veterans","volume":"59","author":"Barohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.1.4","article-title":"Evaluation of neuromuscular symptoms in veterans of the Persian Gulf War","volume":"48","author":"Amato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.1.46","article-title":"Severely reduced functional status in veterans fitting a case definition of Gulf War syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Haley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.10.899","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in Gulf War era military personnel","volume":"155","author":"Voelker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.3.215","article-title":"Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? Searching for syndromes by factor analysis of symptoms","volume":"277","author":"Haley","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11339-9","article-title":"Is there a Gulf War syndrome?","volume":"353","author":"Ismail","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00405-8","article-title":"Is there a Persian Gulf War syndrome? Evidence from a large population-based survey of veterans and nondeployed controls","volume":"108","author":"Doebbeling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.4.379","article-title":"Factor analysis of self-reported symptoms: does it identify a Gulf War syndrome?","volume":"152","author":"Knoke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200112000-00005","article-title":"Symptom factor analysis, clinical findings, and functional status in a population-based case control study of Gulf War unexplained illness","volume":"43","author":"Bourdette","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006311","article-title":"Searching for a Gulf War syndrome using cluster analysis","volume":"32","author":"Everitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf087","article-title":"Factor analysis of Gulf War illness: what does it add to our understanding of possible health effects of deployment?","volume":"156","author":"Shapiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.6.604","article-title":"Multiple chemical sensitivity and chronic fatigue syndrome in British Gulf War veterans","volume":"153","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2003.10.004","article-title":"The specificity of the CDC-1994 criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome: comparison of health status in three groups of patients who fulfill the criteria","volume":"14","author":"Kennedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s4597","article-title":"Environmental factors in medically unexplained symptoms and related syndromes: the evidence and the challenge","volume":"4","author":"Kipen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017977","article-title":"Developing case definitions for symptom-based conditions: the problem of specificity","volume":"20","author":"Hyams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000091693.43121.2f","article-title":"Unexplained symptoms after terrorism and war: an expert consensus statement","volume":"45","author":"Clauw","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7333.321","article-title":"Post-combat syndromes from the Boer war to the Gulf war: a cluster analysis of their nature and attribution","volume":"324","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00678.x","article-title":"Somatic hypotheses of war syndromes","volume":"30","author":"Soetekouw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1311","article-title":"The problem of Gulf War syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Ferrari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1999.3973","article-title":"Gulf War unexplained illnesses: persistence and unexplained nature of self-reported symptoms","volume":"81","author":"McCauley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/162.1.1","article-title":"Al Eskan disease: Persian Gulf syndrome","volume":"162","author":"Korenyi-Both","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/165.5.321","article-title":"The role of the sand in chemical warfare agent exposure among Persian Gulf War veterans: Al Eskan disease and \u201cdirty dust\u201d","volume":"165","author":"Korenyi-Both","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.110-a690a","article-title":"Soldiers and oil well smoke. Respiratory connection remains hazy","volume":"110","author":"Schmidt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383368","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in the blood of persons in Kuwait Oil Fires","volume":"66","author":"Etzel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010043","article-title":"The postwar hospitalization experience of Gulf War Veterans possibly exposed to chemical munitions destruction at Khamisiyah, Iraq","volume":"150","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg178","article-title":"Gulf War veterans and Iraqi nerve agents at Khamisiyah: postwar hospitalization data revisited","volume":"158","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00079-0","article-title":"Sarin: health effects, metabolism, and methods of analysis","volume":"40","author":"Abu-Qare","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5261.479b","article-title":"Chemicals behind Gulf War syndrome?","volume":"272","author":"Pennisi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899909602492","article-title":"Permethrin and the Gulf War Syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Plapp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1348\/000712699161530","article-title":"The Gulf War and illness by association","volume":"90","author":"Ferguson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(96)00030-0","article-title":"In vitro percutaneous absorption of model compounds glyphosate and malathion from cotton fabric into and through human skin","volume":"34","author":"Wester","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2002.9412","article-title":"Pyridostigmine bromide modulates the dermal disposition of [14C] permethrin","volume":"181","author":"Baynes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2002.90.3.707","article-title":"Pyridostigmine bromide and the long-term subjective health status of a sample of over 700 male Reserve Component Gulf War era veterans","volume":"90","author":"Schumm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(97)00123-X","article-title":"Invited review: anticholinesterases: dramatic aspects of their use and misuse","volume":"32","author":"Karczmar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(98)90081-0","article-title":"Pyridostigmine bromide and Gulf War syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Shen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3526","article-title":"Low paraoxonase in Persian Gulf War Veterans self-reporting Gulf War Syndrome","volume":"276","author":"Mackness","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8703","article-title":"Association of low PON1 type Q (type A) arylesterase activity with neurologic symptom complexes in Gulf War veterans","volume":"157","author":"Haley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701390","article-title":"Effect of the molecular polymorphisms of human paraoxonase (PON1) on the rate of hydrolysis of paraoxon","volume":"122","author":"Mackness","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000071506.96740.39","article-title":"Paraoxonase in Persian Gulf War veterans","volume":"45","author":"Hotopf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-148-03-01","article-title":"Battlefield use of depleted uranium and the health of veterans","volume":"148","author":"Bolton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(03)00151-X","article-title":"Environmental and health consequences of depleted uranium use in the 1991 Gulf War","volume":"30","author":"Bem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0265-931X(02)00041-3","article-title":"Properties, use and health effects of depleted uranium (DU): a general overview","volume":"64","author":"Bleise","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Environ Radioactivity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200112000-00001","article-title":"Surveillance of depleted uranium exposed Gulf War veterans: health effects observed in an enlarged \u201cfriendly fire\u201d cohort","volume":"43","author":"McDiarmid","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200112000-00006","article-title":"Self-reported exposures and their association with unexplained illness in a population-based case-control study of Gulf War veterans","volume":"43","author":"Spencer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1999.3977","article-title":"Strategies to assess validity of self-reported exposures during the Persian Gulf War. Portland Environmental Hazards Research Center","volume":"81","author":"McCauley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(03)00124-8","article-title":"Anthrax vaccination and self-reported symptoms, functional status, and medical conditions in the National Health Survey of Gulf War Era Veterans and their families","volume":"14","author":"Mahan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611143352006","article-title":"Mortality among US veterans of the Persian Gulf war","volume":"335","author":"Kang","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.275.2.118","article-title":"Comparative mortality among US military personnel in the Persian Gulf region and worldwide during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm","volume":"275","author":"Writer","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02428-4","article-title":"Mortality among UK Gulf War veterans","volume":"356","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009646","article-title":"Counterpoint: negligible \u201chealthy-warrior effect\u201d on Gulf War veterans' mortality","volume":"148","author":"Kang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010123","article-title":"Are Gulf War veterans suffering war-related illnesses? Federal and civilian hospitalizations examined, June 1991 to December 1994","volume":"151","author":"Gray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611143352007","article-title":"The postwar hospitalization experience of US veterans of the Persian Gulf war","volume":"335","author":"Gray","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980208","article-title":"Hospitalizations for unexplained illnesses among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War","volume":"4","author":"Knoke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.10.908","article-title":"Are Gulf War veterans experiencing illness due to exposure to smoke from Kuwaiti oil well fires? Examination of Department of Defense hospitalization data","volume":"155","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199710)56:4<244::AID-TERA3>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Goldenhar syndrome among infants born in military hospitals to Gulf War veterans","volume":"56","author":"Aranata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706053362306","article-title":"The risk of birth defects among children of Persian Gulf War veterans","volume":"336","author":"Cowan","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009647","article-title":"Counterpoint: responding to inadequate critique of birth defects paper","volume":"148","author":"Cowan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/161.1.1","article-title":"No evidence of increase in birth defects and health problems among children born to Persian Gulf War Veterans in Mississippi","volume":"161","author":"Penman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2003.08.006","article-title":"Conception and pregnancy during the Persian Gulf War: the risk to women veterans","volume":"14","author":"Araneta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000069922.32557.CA","article-title":"Occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Gulf War veterans","volume":"61","author":"Horner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.61.6.750","article-title":"Excess incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans","volume":"61","author":"Haley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.3.231","article-title":"Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the Gulf War. A cross-sectional epidemiologic study","volume":"277","author":"Haley","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib75","first-page":"317","article-title":"Physical and emotional health of Gulf War veteran women","volume":"68","author":"Pierce","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/163.11.725","article-title":"Self-reported chemical sensitivity and wartime chemical exposures in Gulf War veterans with and without decreased global health ratings","volume":"163","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.11.981","article-title":"Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War","volume":"280","author":"Fukuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199806000-00004","article-title":"Symptoms in 18,495 Persian Gulf War veterans. Latency of onset and lack of association with self-reported exposures","volume":"40","author":"Kroenke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.758","article-title":"Increased postwar symptoms and psychological morbidity among US Navy Gulf War veterans","volume":"60","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib80","first-page":"420","article-title":"Risk factors for gastrointestinal symptoms. The Danish Gulf War Study","volume":"46","author":"Ishoy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.6.1000","article-title":"Health status of Persian Gulf War veterans: self-reported symptoms, environmental exposures and the effect of stress","volume":"27","author":"Proctor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib82","first-page":"423","article-title":"Determinants of long-term neuropsychological symptoms. The Danish Gulf War Study","volume":"46","author":"Suadicani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11338-7","article-title":"Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War","volume":"353","author":"Unwin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00088-X","article-title":"Stressors, personality traits, and coping of Gulf War veterans with chronic fatigue","volume":"48","author":"Fiedler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200005000-00002","article-title":"Deployment stressors and a chronic multisymptom illness among Gulf War veterans","volume":"188","author":"Nisenbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.10.992","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas veterans: association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service","volume":"152","author":"Steele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200203000-00015","article-title":"Risk factors for multisymptom illness in US Army veterans of the Gulf War","volume":"44","author":"Wolfe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"}],"container-title":["Neurologic Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733861904001434?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733861904001434?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T04:41:36Z","timestamp":1550032896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733861904001434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733861904001434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2004.12.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8619","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}}}