{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:27:32Z","timestamp":1793384852134,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurologic Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T22:49:23Z","timestamp":1617230963000},"page":"471-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":276,"title":["Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ilyas","family":"Eli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Lerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoher","family":"Ghogawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11760744","article-title":"Early acute management in adults with spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals","volume":"31","author":"Consortium for Spinal Cord","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203S","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217703085","article-title":"A\u00a0clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury: recommendations on the use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate","volume":"7","author":"Fehlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib3","first-page":"407","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries","volume":"49","author":"Hadley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy394","article-title":"Congress of Neurological Surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of patients with thoracolumbar spine trauma: executive summary","volume":"84","author":"O'Toole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000430319.32247.7f","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: 2013 update","volume":"60","author":"Walters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.178","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications","volume":"50","author":"Devivo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-015-0657-9","article-title":"Cervical fractures with associated spinal cord injury in children and adolescents: epidemiology, costs, and in-hospital mortality rates in 4418 patients","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.SPINE18964","article-title":"Spine trauma and spinal cord injury in Utah: a geographic cohort study utilizing the National Inpatient Sample","volume":"31","author":"Sherrod","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0984-1","article-title":"Modern medical management of spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Karsy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101893","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and epidemiology of spinal cord injury: what learns a worldwide literature survey?","volume":"44","author":"Wyndaele","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib11","series-title":"Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance, in, ed 2020","author":"Center","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07603-1","article-title":"Spinal-cord injury","volume":"359","author":"McDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2008.25.11.E16","article-title":"Traumatic spine injuries in the geriatric population","volume":"25","author":"Jabbour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112151-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Sekhon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.318","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches to repair the injured spinal cord","volume":"23","author":"Baptiste","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"E2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib16","article-title":"Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon","volume":"25","author":"Rowland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101603","article-title":"Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model","volume":"42","author":"Ditunno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1089\/089771504323004575","article-title":"The pathology of human spinal cord injury: defining the problems","volume":"21","author":"Norenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101670","article-title":"Neuropathology: the foundation for new treatments in spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Kakulas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib20","first-page":"483","article-title":"Vascular mechanisms in the pathophysiology of human spinal cord injury","volume":"86","author":"Tator","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)37006-7","article-title":"Cell death in models of spinal cord injury","volume":"137","author":"Beattie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl296","article-title":"The cellular inflammatory response in human spinal cords after injury","volume":"129","author":"Fleming","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403033300907","article-title":"Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders","volume":"330","author":"Lipton","year":"1994","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1089\/0897715041269641","article-title":"The role of excitotoxicity in secondary mechanisms of spinal cord injury: a review with an emphasis on the implications for white matter degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib25","first-page":"15","article-title":"Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Tator","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04312.x","article-title":"Role of peroxynitrite in secondary oxidative damage after spinal cord injury","volume":"100","author":"Xiong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.263","article-title":"Degenerative and spontaneous regenerative processes after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Hagg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1709-08.2008","article-title":"STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Herrmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7734","article-title":"Degeneration and sprouting of identified descending supraspinal axons after contusive spinal cord injury in the rat","volume":"171","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2003.10.015","article-title":"Deconstructing the axon: Wallerian degeneration and the ubiquitin-proteasome system","volume":"27","author":"Ehlers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02255-5","article-title":"Axon pathology in neurological disease: a neglected therapeutic target","volume":"25","author":"Coleman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib32","first-page":"43","article-title":"Spine trauma and associated injuries","volume":"31","author":"Saboe","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib33","series-title":"EMS immobilization techniques","author":"Feller","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1329076","article-title":"Assessment and management of acute spinal cord injury: from point of injury to rehabilitation","volume":"40","author":"Hachem","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1168","article-title":"Pre-hospital care management of a potential spinal cord injured patient: a systematic review of the literature and evidence-based guidelines","volume":"28","author":"Ahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib36","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Stabilization of spinal injury for early transfer","volume":"29","author":"Burney","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9759-0","article-title":"Emergency neurological life support: traumatic spine injury","volume":"17","author":"Stein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181c293a9","article-title":"Development and validation of predictors of respiratory insufficiency and mortality scores: simple bedside additive scores for prediction of ventilation and in-hospital mortality in acute cervical spine injury","volume":"110","author":"Durga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480306901014","article-title":"Intubation after cervical spinal cord injury: to be done selectively or routinely?","volume":"69","author":"Velmahos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/cns.1985.2.153","article-title":"Cardiovascular instability following acute cervical spinal cord trauma","volume":"2","author":"Piepmeier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cent Nerv Syst Trauma"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318276ee7e","article-title":"Updated guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injury","volume":"72","author":"Resnick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib42","unstructured":"Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. \u201cEarly Acute Management in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury: A Clinical Practice Guideline for Health-Care Providers.\u201d [Online]. 2008. Available at: pvasamediaprd.blob.core.windows.net. Paralyzed Veterans of America. Accessed on: Mar 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.10.1127","article-title":"Cervical spinal cord injury and the need for cardiovascular intervention","volume":"138","author":"Bilello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-200307000-00009","article-title":"Critical care and perioperative management in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Stevens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318276edda","article-title":"Clinical assessment following acute cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"72","author":"Hadley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2002-81","article-title":"International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury: cases with classification challenges","volume":"20","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185115580487","article-title":"Modified thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS) and its clinical usefulness","volume":"57","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a8a381","article-title":"AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system. Fracture description, neurological status, and key modifiers","volume":"38","author":"Pizones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3831-3","article-title":"AOSpine subaxial cervical spine injury classification system","volume":"25","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-005-0956-y","article-title":"Thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score: a new paradigm for the treatment of thoracolumbar spine trauma","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32037","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032037","article-title":"Early versus delayed decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: results of the Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS)","volume":"7","author":"Fehlings","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3767","article-title":"Neurological recovery after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury is superior if surgical decompression and instrumented fusion are performed within 8 hours versus 8 to 24 hours after injury: a single center experience","volume":"32","author":"Jug","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2932","article-title":"The effects of the timing of spinal surgery after traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"van Middendorp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.59","article-title":"Early versus late surgery for traumatic spinal cord injury: the results of a prospective Canadian cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195S","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217706367","article-title":"A\u00a0clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury and central cord syndrome: recommendations on the timing (<\/=24 hours versus\u00a0>24 hours) of decompressive surgery","volume":"7","author":"Fehlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03340250025015","article-title":"Efficacy of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury","volume":"251","author":"Bracken","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005173222001","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. Results of the second national acute spinal cord injury study","volume":"322","author":"Bracken","year":"1990","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540440031029","volume":"277","author":"Bracken","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib59","first-page":"CD001046","article-title":"Steroids for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"1","author":"Bracken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000462080.04196.f7","article-title":"Pharmacological therapy for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"76","author":"Hurlbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib61","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Hemodynamic parameters in patients with acute cervical cord trauma: description, intervention, and prediction of outcome","volume":"33","author":"Levi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib62","first-page":"239","article-title":"Combined medical and surgical treatment after acute spinal cord injury: results of a prospective pilot study to assess the merits of aggressive medical resuscitation and blood pressure management","volume":"87","author":"Vale","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.121206","article-title":"Emerging therapies for acute traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"185","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.FOCUS17428","article-title":"The impact of blood pressure management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Saadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib65","first-page":"693","article-title":"Edema of the spinal cord following experimental impact trauma","volume":"38","author":"Yashon","year":"1973","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.52","article-title":"Optimization of the mean arterial pressure and timing of surgical decompression in traumatic spinal cord injury: a retrospective study","volume":"55","author":"Dakson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3778","article-title":"Mean arterial blood pressure correlates with neurological recovery after human spinal cord injury: analysis of high frequency physiologic data","volume":"32","author":"Hawryluk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3061","article-title":"Medical and surgical management after spinal cord injury: vasopressor usage, early surgerys, and complications","volume":"31","author":"Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.76","article-title":"The effect of preexisting hypertension on early neurologic results of patients with an acute spinal cord injury","volume":"53","author":"Kepler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5285","article-title":"A\u00a0direct comparison between norepinephrine and phenylephrine for augmenting spinal cord perfusion in a porcine model of spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Streijger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.21003","article-title":"Epidemiology and healthcare utilization of neurogenic bladder patients in a US claims database","volume":"30","author":"Manack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-007-0012-1","article-title":"Update on bladder evaluation recommendations and bladder management guideline in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"2","author":"Linsenmeyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3731-y","article-title":"Development and validation of a risk prediction model for tracheostomy in acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury patients","volume":"24","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90252-6","article-title":"Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"DeVivo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1806515","article-title":"A\u00a0multicenter trial of vena cava filters in severely injured patients","volume":"381","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-015-0221-y","article-title":"Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in neurocritical care patients: an evidence-based guideline: a statement for healthcare professionals from the neurocritical care society","volume":"24","author":"Nyquist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2203-209","article-title":"Prevention of venous thromboembolism in individuals with spinal cord injury: clinical practice guidelines for health care providers, 3rd ed.: Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.009","article-title":"Microstructural imaging in the spinal cord and validation strategies","volume":"182","author":"Cohen-Adad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30138-3","article-title":"MRI in traumatic spinal cord injury: from clinical assessment to neuroimaging biomarkers","volume":"18","author":"Freund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.124","article-title":"The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: methods","volume":"84","author":"Stroman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.1.FOCUS18591","article-title":"The role of diffusion tensor imaging in the diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment of recovery and treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Zaninovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25725","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of spinal cord injuries in nonhuman primates with quantitative magnetization transfer","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12639","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12639","article-title":"Timing of diffusion tensor imaging in the acute spinal cord injury of rats","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1422","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31826ba7cd","article-title":"The pressure distribution of cerebrospinal fluid responds to residual compression and decompression in an animal model of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.10.SPINE08217","article-title":"Intrathecal pressure monitoring and cerebrospinal fluid drainage in acute spinal cord injury: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0632-5","article-title":"Clinical trials in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Donovan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2008.25.11.E14","article-title":"Protection and repair of the injured spinal cord: a review of completed, ongoing, and planned clinical trials for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Hawryluk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000287","article-title":"Acute spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Witiw","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52137-8.00036-X","article-title":"Scaffolds to promote spinal cord regeneration","volume":"109","author":"Sakiyama-Elbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.01.056","article-title":"Polymer scaffolds facilitate spinal cord injury repair","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"}],"container-title":["Neurologic Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733861921000165?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733861921000165?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T10:21:26Z","timestamp":1760005286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733861921000165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733861921000165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8619","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurologic Clinics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2021.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}