{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T18:16:19Z","timestamp":1777313779162,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurologic Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T02:44:53Z","timestamp":1664333093000},"page":"927-937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rescue Treatments for Seizure Clusters"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Kotloski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry E.","family":"Gidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6631a1","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality weekly report national and state estimates of the numbers of adults and children with active epilepsy-United States","volume":"66","author":"Zack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.05.013","article-title":"Seizure cluster: definition, prevalence, consequences, and management","volume":"68","author":"Jafarpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000140","article-title":"Burden of seizure clusters on patients with epilepsy and caregivers: survey of patient, caregiver, and clinician perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Penovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn037","article-title":"Seizure clustering during drug treatment affects seizure outcome and mortality of childhood-onset epilepsy","volume":"131","author":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107391","article-title":"Seizure clusters, rescue treatments, seizure action plans: unmet needs and emerging formulations","volume":"112","author":"Gidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb01607.x","article-title":"The association between seizure clustering and convulsive status epilepticus in patients with intractable complex partial seizures","volume":"40","author":"Haut","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000099","article-title":"Development of benzodiazepines for out-of-hospital management of seizure emergencies","volume":"5","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.02.024","article-title":"Catamenial epilepsy: update on prevalence, pathophysiology and treatment from the findings of the NIH progesterone treatment trial","volume":"28","author":"Herzog","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000177","article-title":"Seizure clusters: characteristics and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Haut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13375","article-title":"Termination of seizure clusters is related to the duration of focal seizures","volume":"57","author":"Ferastraoaru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13636","article-title":"Bursts of seizures in long-term recordings of human focal epilepsy","volume":"58","author":"Karoly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.5.1274","article-title":"Treating repetitive seizures with a rectal diazepam formulation: a randomized study","volume":"51","author":"Cereghino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806253382602","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of rectal diazepam gel and placebo for acute repetitive seizures","volume":"338","author":"Dreifuss","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-5050(02)00559-0","article-title":"Adult patient perceptions of emergency rectal medications for refractory seizures","volume":"3","author":"Tatum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.04.016","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of seizure clusters in adult patients with epilepsy","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807306254","article-title":"Acceptance of the use of diazepam rectal gel in school and day care settings","volume":"22","author":"Terry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16847","article-title":"Overcoming the challenges of developing an intranasal diazepam rescue therapy for the treatment of seizure clusters","volume":"62","author":"Cloyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.01.001","article-title":"Bioavailability and tolerability of intranasal diazepam in healthy adult volunteers","volume":"84","author":"Ivaturi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2007.00795.x","article-title":"Different effects of light food on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three benzodiazepines, quazepam, nitrazepam and diazepam","volume":"32","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108013","article-title":"Examining the patient and caregiver experience with diazepam nasal spray for seizure clusters: results from an exit survey of a phase 3, open-label, repeat-dose safety study","volume":"121","author":"Penovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-013-9817-5","article-title":"The impact of pharmacist\u2019s counseling on pediatric patients\u2019 caregiver\u2019s knowledge on epilepsy and its treatment in a tertiary hospital","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00224-0","article-title":"GABAA receptors: structure, function, pharmacology, and related disorders","volume":"19","author":"Ghit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00265","article-title":"gamma2 GABAAR trafficking and the consequences of human genetic variation","volume":"12","author":"Lorenz-Guertin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3426-07.2008","article-title":"Subunit-specific trafficking of GABAA receptors during status epilepticus","volume":"28","author":"Goodkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380609","article-title":"Experimental status epilepticus alters gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in CA1 pyramidal neurons","volume":"38","author":"Kapur","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7724","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4944-04.2005","article-title":"Trafficking of GABAA receptors, loss of inhibition, and a mechanism for pharmacoresistance in status epilepticus","volume":"25","author":"Naylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0284-3","article-title":"GABAA receptor diversity and pharmacology","volume":"326","author":"Mohler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405621102","article-title":"Different GABAA receptor subtypes mediate the anxiolytic, abuse-related, and motor effects of benzodiazepine-like drugs in primates","volume":"102","author":"Rowlett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.04.015","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antiseizure drug activity at GABAA receptors","volume":"22","author":"Greenfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib30","author":"Bausch Health US"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib31","author":"Neurelis Inc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib32","author":"UCB Inc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16449","article-title":"Bioavailability and safety of diazepam intranasal solution compared to oral and rectal diazepam in healthy volunteers","volume":"61","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00118-9","article-title":"Benzodiazepine-mediated regulation of alpha1, alpha2, beta1-3 and gamma2 GABAA receptor subunit proteins in the rat brain hippocampus and cortex","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1991.tb09781.x","article-title":"Decreased GABAA receptor subunit mRNA concentrations following chronic lorazepam administration","volume":"103","author":"Kang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.107983","article-title":"Lack of observed tolerance to diazepam nasal spray (Valtoco\u00ae) after long-term rescue therapy in patients with epilepsy: interim results from a phase 3, open-label, repeat-dose safety study","volume":"120","author":"Cascino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib37","first-page":"S74","article-title":"Status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children, adolescents, and young adults: etiology, outcome, and treatment","volume":"37","author":"Mitchell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16300","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of midazolam nasal spray in the outpatient treatment of patients with seizure clusters: an open-label extension trial","volume":"60","author":"Wheless","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.07.018","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use in seizure emergencies: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Haut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01170.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intranasal diazepam and midazolam in healthy adult volunteers","volume":"120","author":"Ivaturi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14069","article-title":"Determination of minimal steady-state plasma level of diazepam causing seizure threshold elevation in rats","volume":"59","author":"Dhir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1982.tb06198.x","article-title":"Absorption of diazepam from the rectum and its effect on interictal spikes in the EEG","volume":"23","author":"Milligan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.123","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral diazepam: effect of dose, plasma concentration, and time","volume":"52","author":"Friedman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02327.x","article-title":"Intrarectal diazepam in epileptic adults","volume":"33","author":"Remy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1975.tb06058.x","article-title":"Plasma levels of diazepam after parenteral and rectal administration in children","volume":"16","author":"Agurell","year":"1975","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0306-5251.2001.01529.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and anticonvulsant effects of diazepam in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions","volume":"53","author":"Ogutu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13131","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of USL261, a midazolam formulation optimized for intranasal delivery, in a randomized study with healthy volunteers","volume":"56","author":"Bancke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2013.02.018","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot study assessing the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diazepam after intranasal and intravenous administration in healthy volunteers","volume":"105","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.767","article-title":"Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of diazepam after intranasal administration of NRL-1 to healthy volunteers","volume":"9","author":"Tanimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib50","first-page":"1610","article-title":"An open-label study of repeated use of diazepam rectal gel (Diastat) for episodes of acute breakthrough seizures and clusters: safety, efficacy, and tolerance","volume":"40","author":"Mitchell","year":"1999","journal-title":"North Am Diastat Group. Epilepsia."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200427060-00003","article-title":"Safety of Diastat, a rectal gel formulation of diazepam for acute seizure treatment","volume":"27","author":"Pellock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.15159","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of midazolam nasal spray in the outpatient treatment of patients with seizure clusters-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Detyniecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"15 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.96.15_supplement.1704","article-title":"Treatment satisfaction, anxiety level, and confidence about traveling with midazolam nasal spray in patients with seizure clusters: phase III, open-label extension trial (1704)","volume":"96","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-021-00360-5","article-title":"Improvement of intranasal drug delivery with Intravail\u00ae alkylsaccharide excipient as a mucosal absorption enhancer aiding in the treatment of conditions of the central nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Rabinowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs in R&D"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16506","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of VALTOCO (NRL-1; diazepam nasal spray) in patients with epilepsy during seizure (ictal\/peri-ictal) and nonseizure (interictal) conditions: a phase 1, open-label study","volume":"61","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17041","article-title":"Final results from a phase 3, long-term, open-label, repeat-dose safety study of diazepam nasal spray for seizure clusters in patients with epilepsy","volume":"62","author":"Wheless","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12494","article-title":"Consistent safety and tolerability of Valtoco\u00ae (diazepam nasal spray) in relationship to usage frequency in patients with seizure clusters: interim results from a phase 3, long-term, open-label, repeat-dose safety study","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16901","article-title":"Evaluation of diazepam nasal spray in patients with epilepsy concomitantly using maintenance benzodiazepines: an interim subgroup analysis from a phase 3, long-term, open-label safety study","volume":"62","author":"Segal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.107898","volume":"118","author":"Vazquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16696","article-title":"Safety and tolerability associated with chronic intermittent use of diazepam buccal film in adult, adolescent, and pediatric patients with epilepsy","volume":"61","author":"Seinfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16279","article-title":"Inhaled alprazolam rapidly suppresses epileptic activity in photosensitive participants","volume":"60","author":"French","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7253","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7253.83","article-title":"Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study","volume":"321","author":"Lahat","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Neurologic Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733861922000263?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733861922000263?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T10:22:49Z","timestamp":1760005369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733861922000263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733861922000263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8619","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rescue Treatments for Seizure Clusters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurologic Clinics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.03.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}