{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T20:19:41Z","timestamp":1783369181947,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurologic Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T21:16:51Z","timestamp":1778188611000},"page":"337-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mental Health in the Athlete"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Claudia L.","family":"Reardon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Benoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100715","article-title":"Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019)","volume":"53","author":"Reardon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000817","article-title":"Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000665","article-title":"Canadian Centre for mental health and sport (CCMHS) position statement: principles of mental health in competitive and high-performance sport","volume":"29","author":"Van Slingerland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib4","series-title":"Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology","first-page":"605","article-title":"Athletes\u2019 career development and transitions","author":"Stambulova","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib5","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edition, Text rev.)","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2023.06.002","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in athletes","volume":"43","author":"Reardon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116820","article-title":"The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"10","author":"Whiteford","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2009.03.002","article-title":"Characteristics of muscle dysmorphia in male football, weight training, and competitive natural and non-natural bodybuilding samples","volume":"6","author":"Baghurst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib9","first-page":"147","article-title":"An investigation on the relationship between social appearance concerns and body perceptions of weightlifting athletes at national team level","volume":"6","author":"Caner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Milli Tak\u0131m D\u00fczeyindeki Halter Sporcular\u0131n\u0131n Sosyal G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f Kayg\u0131lar\u0131 ile Beden Alg\u0131lar\u0131 Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fkinin \u0130ncelenmesi"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182825474","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia: risk may be influenced by goals of the weightlifter","volume":"27","author":"Skemp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strength Condit Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1590\/0101-60830000000160","article-title":"Associations between competitive anxiety, athlete characteristics and sport context: evidence from a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"45","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Psiquiatr Cl\u00ednica"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib12","first-page":"150","article-title":"Can psychological characteristics, football experience, and player status predict state anxiety before important matches in Danish elite-level female football players?","volume":"32","author":"Madsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081424","article-title":"The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors, competitive trait anxiety, and athlete burnout: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.651169","article-title":"Adaptive social factors and precompetitive anxiety in elite sport","volume":"12","author":"Pineda-Espejel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1186817","article-title":"Facebook use and its relationship with sport anxiety","volume":"35","author":"Encel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2010.04.004","article-title":"Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1746836","article-title":"Anxiety may be a risk factor for experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms during endurance races: an observational study","volume":"21","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001113","article-title":"Occurrence and impacts of gastrointestinal symptoms in team-sport athletes: a preliminary survey","volume":"33","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001308","article-title":"The psychobiological etiology of gastrointestinal distress in sport: a review","volume":"54","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001687","article-title":"The yips: methods to identify golfers with a dystonic etiology\/golfer\u2019s cramp","volume":"50","author":"Adler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25442","article-title":"Yips and other movement disorders in golfers","volume":"28","author":"Dhungana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2015-000087","article-title":"Prevalence of depression and anxiety in top-level male and female football players","volume":"2","author":"Junge","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-012-9095-8","article-title":"Psychological symptoms and chronic mood in representative samples of elite student-athletes, deselected student-athletes and comparison students","volume":"5","author":"Brand","year":"2013","journal-title":"School Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31815aed6b","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1138504","article-title":"Psychometric properties and normative data for the brief symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) in high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"30","author":"Lancaster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00182","article-title":"Symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes using the hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"9","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.2466\/02.05.10.PMS.112.2.581-599","article-title":"Elite sport is not an additional source of distress for adolescents with high stress levels","volume":"112","author":"Gerber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.22.1.19","article-title":"Psychological predictors of injury occurrence: a prospective investigation of professional Swedish soccer players","volume":"22","author":"Ivarsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019007","article-title":"Psychological balance in high level athletes: gender-based differences and sport-specific patterns","volume":"6","author":"Schaal","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib30","first-page":"69","article-title":"Personal control in elite gymnasts: the relationships between locus of control, self-esteem and trait anxiety","volume":"20","author":"Kerr","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Sport Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib31","first-page":"182","article-title":"Exercise avoidance and impaired endurance capacity in patients with panic disorder","volume":"36","author":"Broocks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100695","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review","volume":"53","author":"Aron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118787159","article-title":"Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among young athletes after anterior cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"6","author":"Padaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000918","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in elite athletes","volume":"20","author":"Lynch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6394(2000)12:4<193::AID-DA2>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Generalization of social anxiety to sporting and athletic situations: gender, sports involvement, and parental pressure","volume":"12","author":"Northon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096455","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes and non-athletes: a comparative meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Gorczynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01069","article-title":"The experience of depression during the careers of elite male athletes","volume":"7","author":"Doherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232030-00003","article-title":"The unknown mechanism of the overtraining syndrome: clues from depression and psychoneuroimmunology","volume":"32","author":"Armstrong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.1.4","article-title":"The stigmatisation and denial of mental illness in athletes","volume":"34","author":"Schwenk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840903110962","article-title":"Adjustment Disorder: a new way of conceptualizing the overtraining syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2017.03.007","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidities in sports","volume":"35","author":"Reardon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000123","article-title":"Depression in athletes: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Wolanin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib43","first-page":"237","article-title":"Athletic identity: hercules\u2019 muscles or achilles heel?","volume":"24","author":"Brewer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Sport Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.7.4.313","article-title":"Prevalence of depressive symptoms and correlating variables among German elite athletes","volume":"7","author":"Nixdorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sport Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.02.008","article-title":"Depression in Danish and Swedish elite football players and its relation to perfectionism and anxiety","volume":"36","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.04.018","article-title":"SHARP sports mental health awareness research project","volume":"20","author":"Beable","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000093213005","article-title":"The intercollegiate athlete: a 1990s profile","volume":"21","author":"Parham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Couns Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-43271","article-title":"Influence of physical activity on depression and anxiety of former elite athletes","volume":"24","author":"B\u00e4ckmand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2016-000124","article-title":"Symptoms and risk factors of depression during and after the football career of elite female players","volume":"2","author":"Prinz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2165\/11536580-000000000-00000","article-title":"Sport psychiatry: a systematic review of diagnosis and medical treatment of mental illness in athletes","volume":"40","author":"Reardon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096121","article-title":"International olympic committee consensus statement: harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport","volume":"50","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2021.04.011","article-title":"Depression assessment: challenges and treatment strategies in the athlete","volume":"44","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095756","article-title":"Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport","volume":"50","author":"Wolanin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318287b870","article-title":"The prevalence of failure-based depression among elite athletes","volume":"23","author":"Hammond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200701867745","article-title":"Entry into elite sport: a preliminary investigation into the transition experiences of rookie athletes","volume":"20","author":"Bruner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0217","article-title":"Is cybervictimization associated with body dissatisfaction, depression, and eating disorder psychopathology?","volume":"21","author":"Marco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol, Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.7.1.1","article-title":"Sociocultural and mental health adjustment of black Student-athletes: within-group differences and institutional setting","volume":"7","author":"Sadberry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sport Psychol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib58","article-title":"The impact of sexism on psychophysiology, performance and wellbeing in female athletes. A mixed methods approach","volume":"45","author":"O\u2019Kelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0220-1","article-title":"Mental health in elite athletes: increased awareness requires an early intervention framework to respond to athlete needs","volume":"5","author":"Purcell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1132","article-title":"The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players","volume":"34","author":"Mah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094961","article-title":"Stealing sleep: is sport or society to blame?","volume":"50","author":"Halson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0650-6","article-title":"Does elite sport degrade sleep quality? A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.08.1921","article-title":"Sleep and health among collegiate student athletes","volume":"156","author":"Brauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.346","article-title":"Restricted energy intake affects nocturnal body temperature and sleep patterns","volume":"59","author":"Karklin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.02.005","article-title":"Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep of a collegiate student-athlete population","volume":"4","author":"Mah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.565782","article-title":"Sleep habits in German athletes before important competitions or games","volume":"29","author":"Erlacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1120781","article-title":"Prevalence of poor sleep quality, sleepiness and obstructive sleep apnoea risk factors in athletes","volume":"16","author":"Swinbourne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06.2287","article-title":"Central sleep apnea: pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"131","author":"Eckert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00311-z","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Manconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.01.001","article-title":"Chronobiology in the endocrine system","volume":"59","author":"Haus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100590","article-title":"Wake up call for collegiate athlete sleep: narrative review and consensus recommendations from the NCAA Interassociation task force on sleep and wellness","volume":"53","author":"Kroshus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095735","article-title":"2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: a comprehensive narrative review with a focus on clinical assessment and management","volume":"50","author":"Joy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.03.005","article-title":"Eating disorders and weight control behaviors change over a collegiate sport season","volume":"20","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.740504","article-title":"Eating disorders in athletes: overview of prevalence, risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Bratland-Sanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypsc.2023.03.001","article-title":"Eating disorders and disordered eating in athletes during times of transition: a narrative systematic review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Reardon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690205060231","article-title":"Slim bodies, eating disorders and the coach athlete relationship: a tale of identity creation and disruption","volume":"40","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Rev Sociol Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12286","article-title":"Responses of track and field coaches to athletes with eating problems","volume":"25","author":"Plateau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12109","article-title":"Interpersonal difficulties as a risk factor for athletes\u2019 eating psychopathology","volume":"24","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.08.013","article-title":"The impact of critical comments from teammates on athletes\u2019 eating and exercise psychopathology","volume":"43","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2024.2349079","article-title":"Mental health in individual versus team sports","volume":"36","author":"Reardon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1392064","article-title":"Personal risk factors and types of sport associated with drive for thinness and drive for muscularity in NextGen athletes","volume":"11","author":"Maurin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199404000-00003","article-title":"Risk and trigger factors for the development of eating disorders in female elite athletes","volume":"26","author":"Sundgot-Borgen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.5.03","article-title":"Eating disorder risk and the role of clothing in collegiate cheerleaders\u2019 body images","volume":"47","author":"Torres-McGehee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40691-020-0207-z","article-title":"Collegiate female atheltes\u2019 body image and clothing behaviors","volume":"7","author":"Nemeth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fash Text"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-013-0055-6","article-title":"Individual and relational risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent aesthetic athletes and general adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Francisco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106994","article-title":"2023 International Olympic Committee\u2019s (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)","volume":"57","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00739-6","article-title":"The prevalence of orthorexia in exercising populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hafstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000916","article-title":"The mental health of athletes: recreational to elite","volume":"20","author":"Reardon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100669","article-title":"Recreational and ergogenic substance use and substance use disorders in eliteathletes: a narrative review","volume":"53","author":"McDuff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.130050","article-title":"Snus use in football: the threat of a new addiction?","volume":"41","author":"Read","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12657","article-title":"Sports involvement, injury history, and non-medical use of prescription opioids among college students: an analysis with a national sample","volume":"27","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002670","article-title":"Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in sports, health, and society","volume":"53","author":"Bhasin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738120901670","article-title":"Cannabis use and sport: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Docter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231208661","article-title":"Cannabis use in adolescent and young adult athletes: a clinical review","volume":"16","author":"Benoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sport Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.839976","article-title":"Prevalence of prohibited substance use and methods by female athletes: evidence of gender-related differences","volume":"4","author":"Collomp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.10.001","article-title":"Exploring the role of sport in the development of substance addiction","volume":"28","author":"De Grace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.962049","article-title":"Competitive sport involvement and substance use among adolescents: a nationwide study","volume":"50","author":"Veliz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100668","article-title":"Problem gambling and associated mental health concerns in elite athletes: a narrative review","volume":"53","author":"Derevensky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib102","author":"Paskus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes: a literature review","author":"H\u00e5kansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.521572","article-title":"Excessive exercise\u2014a meta-review","volume":"11","author":"Colledge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102411","article-title":"The International Olympic Committee Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) and Sport Mental Health Recognition Tool 1 (SMHRT-1) towards better support of athletes\u2019 mental health","volume":"55","author":"Gouttebarge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100654","article-title":"Psychotherapy for mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review","volume":"53","author":"Stillman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21069","article-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy versus control conditions, other psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies and combined treatment for depression: a comprehensive meta-analysis including 409 trials with 52,702 patients","volume":"22","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/15346501221117827","article-title":"Controlled evaluation of a sport-specific performance optimization program in a biracial black and white athlete diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and agoraphobia","volume":"2022","author":"Phrathep","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Case Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1534650114548313","article-title":"Results of a single case controlled study of the optimum performance program in sports in a collegiate athlete","volume":"14","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Case Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2017-0054","article-title":"Controlled evaluation of an optimization approach to mental health and sport performance","volume":"12","author":"Donohue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sport Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2025.2495545","article-title":"Psychiatric treatment preferences of sports psychiatrists for athlete-patients across competitive levels: a 2024 update","volume":"53","author":"Reardon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.23275","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: their effect on high-intensity exercise performance","volume":"82","author":"Parise","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15648","article-title":"Exercise performance is not influenced by a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor","volume":"22","author":"Meeusen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.079202","article-title":"Acute dopamine\/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances human exercise performance in warm, but not temperate conditions","volume":"565","author":"Watson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12753","article-title":"Dopamine\/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in women improves endurance exercise performance in the heat","volume":"27","author":"Cordery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.000760","article-title":"Hormonal responses during prolonged exercise are influenced by a selective DA\/NA reuptake inhibitor","volume":"38","author":"Piacentini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib117","first-page":"256","article-title":"Seizures and bupropion: a review","volume":"50","author":"Davidson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib118","series-title":"Oxford textbook of sports medicine. New York","first-page":"314","article-title":"Drug abuse","author":"Cowan","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.985983","article-title":"Psychiatric medication and physical performance parameters - are there implications for treatment?","volume":"13","author":"Hirschbeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.106385","article-title":"Effects of melatonin ingestion on physical performance and biochemical responses following exhaustive running exercise in soccer players","volume":"39","author":"Farjallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071011","article-title":"Impact of melatonin supplementation on sports performance and circulating biomarkers in highly trained athletes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"San Miguel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181659c4d","article-title":"The effects of acute dopamine reuptake inhibition on performance","volume":"40","author":"Roelands","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.12.1593","article-title":"Effect of strenuous exercise on serum lithium level in man","volume":"139","author":"Jefferson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.477b","article-title":"Sweat lithium in manic-depression","volume":"133","author":"Miller","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib129","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lithium levels and lifestyle in patients with bipolar disorder: a new tool for self-management","volume":"11","author":"Zorrilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-016-0370-y","article-title":"Drug interactions with lithium: an update","volume":"55","author":"Finley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"}],"container-title":["Neurologic Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733861926000125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0733861926000125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T19:51:25Z","timestamp":1783367485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0733861926000125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0733861926000125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-8619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-8619","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mental Health in the Athlete","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurologic Clinics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2026.03.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}