{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:39:47Z","timestamp":1793317187593,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurosurgery Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T02:43:47Z","timestamp":1365043427000},"page":"185-193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Classifications for Adult Spinal Deformity and Use of the Scoliosis Research Society\u2013Schwab Adult Spinal Deformity Classification"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shay","family":"Bess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Lafage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher I.","family":"Shaffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Ames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365090-00012","article-title":"The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"65","author":"King","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199808000-00003","article-title":"Interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the system of King et\u00a0al. for the classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"80","author":"Cummings","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199808000-00002","article-title":"Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the classification of thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"80","author":"Lenke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200108000-00006","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis","volume":"83","author":"Lenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b05146","article-title":"Pain and disability determine treatment modality for older patients with adult scoliosis, while deformity guides treatment for younger patients","volume":"34","author":"Bess","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000155425.04536.f7","article-title":"Correlation of radiographic parameters and clinical symptoms in adult scoliosis","volume":"30","author":"Glassman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000049924.94414.BB","article-title":"Adult scoliosis: a health assessment analysis by SF-36","volume":"28","author":"Schwab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200202150-00012","article-title":"Adult scoliosis: a quantitative radiographic and clinical analysis","volume":"27","author":"Schwab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000232709.48446.be","article-title":"The SRS classification for adult spinal deformity: building on the King\/Moe and Lenke classification systems","volume":"31","author":"Lowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-1053-9","article-title":"The adult scoliosis","volume":"14","author":"Aebi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000179086.30449.96","article-title":"The impact of positive sagittal balance in adult spinal deformity","volume":"30","author":"Glassman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E599","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181aad219","article-title":"Pelvic tilt and truncal inclination: two key radiographic parameters in the setting of adults with spinal deformity","volume":"34","author":"Lafage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a13c08","article-title":"Sagittal plane considerations and the pelvis in the adult patient","volume":"34","author":"Schwab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ee6bd4","article-title":"Adult spinal deformity-postoperative standing imbalance: how much can you tolerate? An overview of key parameters in assessing alignment and planning corrective surgery","volume":"35","author":"Schwab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000170293.81234.f0","article-title":"A\u00a0lumbar classification of scoliosis in the adult patient: preliminary approach","volume":"30","author":"Schwab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000231725.38943.ab","article-title":"A\u00a0clinical impact classification of scoliosis in the adult","volume":"31","author":"Schwab","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815a58f2","article-title":"Surgical rates and operative outcome analysis in thoracolumbar and lumbar major adult scoliosis: application of the new adult deformity classification","volume":"32","author":"Schwab","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211010-00005","article-title":"Characterization of gait function in patients with postsurgical sagittal (flatback) deformity: a prospective study of 21 patients","volume":"27","author":"Sarwahi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.05.001","article-title":"A\u00a0novel mathematical model of the sagittal spine: application to pedicle subtraction osteotomy for correction of fixed sagittal deformity","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2007.6.2.101","article-title":"The importance of sagittal balance: how good is the evidence?","volume":"6","author":"Angevine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00271459","article-title":"Visualization on full spine radiographs of the anatomical connections of the centres of the segmental body mass supported by each vertebra and measured in\u00a0vivo","volume":"11","author":"Duval-Beaupere","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817886a2","article-title":"Standing balance and sagittal plane spinal deformity: analysis of spinopelvic and gravity line parameters","volume":"33","author":"Lafage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib23","first-page":"213","article-title":"Sagittal plane alignment of the spine and gravity: a radiological and clinical evaluation","volume":"71","author":"Legaye","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050038","article-title":"Pelvic incidence: a fundamental pelvic parameter for three-dimensional regulation of spinal sagittal curves","volume":"7","author":"Legaye","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib25","unstructured":"Schwab F, Lafage V, Patel A, et\u00a0al. Does vertebral level of pedicle subtraction osteotomy correlate with degree of spinopelvic parameter correction? In: North American Spine Society 23rd Annual Meeting. Austin, September 10-13, 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib26","series-title":"Combined Assessment of pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence\/lumbar lordosis mismatch and sagittal vertical axis predicts disability in adult spinal deformity: a prospective analysis","author":"Schwab","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31823e15e2","article-title":"Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab adult spinal deformity classification: a validation study","volume":"37","author":"Schwab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwab F, Lafage V, Shaffrey C, et\u00a0al. Pre-operative pelvic parameters must be considered to achieve adequate sagittal balance after lumbar osteotomy. In: international meeting for advanced spinal techniques. Vienna. July 15-18, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.08.284"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib29","series-title":"The SRS-Schwab Adult Spinal Deformity Classification: assessment and clinical correlations based on a prospective operative and non-operative cohort","author":"Schwab","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008_bib30","series-title":"Change in classification grade by the SRS-Schwab Adult Spinal Deformity (ASD) classification predicts impact on health related quality of life (HRQOL) measures: prospective analysis of operative and nonoperative treatment","author":"Smith","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgery Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1042368012001477?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1042368012001477?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T20:00:36Z","timestamp":1760904036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1042368012001477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1042368012001477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00586-025-09050-1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1042-3680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-3680","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Classifications for Adult Spinal Deformity and Use of the Scoliosis Research Society\u2013Schwab Adult Spinal Deformity Classification","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurosurgery Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nec.2012.12.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}