{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:34:27Z","timestamp":1793036067030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nurse Education Today"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:06:51Z","timestamp":1791558411000},"page":"107465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Application of XR in nursing skills training for nurses and nursing students: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeqin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luoya","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2015.01.024","article-title":"Virtual operating room for team training in surgery","volume":"210","author":"Abelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0010","series-title":"Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction","first-page":"17","article-title":"Questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus groups","author":"Adams","year":"2008"},{"issue":"S8","key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7139","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS8.14809","article-title":"General health practitioner skills and procedures","volume":"6","author":"Alshammari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-04004-w","article-title":"The effect of simulation-based laboratory training on undergraduate nursing students' clinical skill, satisfaction, and self-confidence","volume":"24","author":"Altinbas","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-019-0722-7","article-title":"Extended reality in medical practice","volume":"21","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-024-00311-5","article-title":"Theoretical foundations and implications of augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality for immersive learning in health professions education","volume":"9","author":"Asoodar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Simul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-014-1091-z","article-title":"Neurosurgical virtual reality simulation metrics to assess psychomotor skills during brain tumor resection","volume":"10","author":"Azarnoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-23-00268","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for quasi-experimental studies","volume":"22","author":"Barker","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00430","article-title":"The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Barker","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2004.04.011","article-title":"A critical analysis of evaluation practice: the Kirkpatrick model and the principle of beneficence","volume":"27","author":"Bates","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evalu. Program Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-010-0660-6","article-title":"Augmented reality technologies, systems and applications","volume":"51","author":"Carmigniani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0065","first-page":"77","article-title":"Application of virtual simulation platform in the teaching of TCM nursing foundation","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0070","article-title":"Use of augmented and virtual reality in resuscitation training: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resusc. Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E57","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000001117","article-title":"Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in nursing education: systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2016.08.004","article-title":"Virtual versus face-to-face clinical simulation in relation to student knowledge, anxiety, and self-confidence in maternal-newborn nursing: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Cobbett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-48","article-title":"Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team's experience with Arksey and O'Malley's framework","volume":"13","author":"Daudt","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0090","first-page":"160","article-title":"Application of virtual reality workshop integrating VR technology in intraosseous infusion training for emergency nurses","volume":"38","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nurses Train."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2019.05.002","article-title":"The integration of immersive virtual reality in tertiary nursing and midwifery education: a scoping review","volume":"79","author":"Fealy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-016-0757-3","article-title":"Distance learning ects and flipped classroom in the anatomy learning: comparative study of the use of augmented reality, video and notes","volume":"16","author":"Ferrer-Torregrosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-014-1113-x","article-title":"Hybrid simulation using mixed reality for interventional ultrasound imaging training","volume":"10","author":"Freschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105293","article-title":"Design, implementation and evaluation of a virtual clinical training protocol for midwifery internship in a gynecology course during COVID-19 pandemic: a semi-experimental study","volume":"111","author":"Ganji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.02.031","article-title":"The transfer of theoretical knowledge to clinical practice by nursing students and the difficulties they experience: a qualitative study","volume":"65","author":"G\u00fcnay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4421-y","article-title":"Using kirkpatrick's model to measure the effect of a new teaching and learning methods workshop for health care staff","volume":"12","author":"Heydari","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC. Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.106089","article-title":"Exploring the effects of extended reality head-mounted display nervous system assessment training for nursing students: a pilot feasibility study","volume":"133","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106208","article-title":"Are virtual reality intravenous injection training programs effective for nurses and nursing students? A systematic review","volume":"139","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9080947","article-title":"Effects of nursing simulation using mixed reality: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0140","first-page":"54","article-title":"Great ideas revisited","volume":"50","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Train. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0145","series-title":"Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Training Evaluation","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-021-00158-0","article-title":"The use of virtual reality and augmented reality to enhance cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: a scoping review","volume":"6","author":"Kuyt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Simul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-025-01256-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of extended reality technologies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0160","first-page":"179","article-title":"Qualitative research synthesis: methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation","volume":"13","author":"Lockwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Implement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2020.104624","article-title":"Effective instructional design template for virtual simulations in nursing education","volume":"96","author":"Rim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2014.09.009","article-title":"Effectiveness of patient simulation in nursing education: meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/13668250903093125","article-title":"The kirkpatrick model: a useful tool for evaluating training outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Smidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Develop. Disabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21986","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality as a teaching tool for neuroanatomy","volume":"7","author":"Stepan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0185","series-title":"Application of virtual reality technology combined with flipped classroom in fistula puncture training for junior nurses (master\u2019s thesis)","author":"Tang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/29594","article-title":"Outcomes, measurement instruments, and their validity evidence in randomized controlled trials on virtual, augmented, and mixed reality in undergraduate medical education: systematic mapping review","volume":"10","author":"Tudor Car","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.1310.2790","article-title":"Improvement of nursing students' learning outcomes through scenario-based skills training","volume":"24","author":"Uysal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03750-1","article-title":"A scoping review of the applications of augmented reality in nursing","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-019-0342-2","article-title":"A scoping review of augmented reality in nursing","volume":"18","author":"W\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0215","first-page":"136","article-title":"Survey on students' learning achievements in virtual simulation experiment learning for comprehensive skills training course from perspective of learning ecology","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Contin. Med. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0230","first-page":"318","article-title":"Application of the virtual reality technology in nursing skill training: a scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nurs. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105464","article-title":"The effects of neonatal resuscitation gamification program using immersive virtual reality: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106294","article-title":"Development of neonatal Apgar scoring training program utilizing contactless hand tracking in immersive virtual reality","volume":"140","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465_bb0235","first-page":"1940","article-title":"Nursing practice training scope review of application status of virtual simulation in nursing clinical practice training","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nurses Train."}],"container-title":["Nurse Education Today"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0260691726004934?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0260691726004934?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:33:13Z","timestamp":1793032393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0260691726004934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0260691726004934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465","relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-6917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-6917","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Application of XR in nursing skills training for nurses and nursing students: A scoping review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nurse Education Today","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2026.107465","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107465"}}