{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:07:09Z","timestamp":1790676429209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,3]],"date-time":"2016-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nefrolog\u00eda"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T00:37:33Z","timestamp":1471999053000},"page":"9-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Microbiota intestinal en la enfermedad renal cr\u00f3nica"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Secundino","family":"Cigarran Guldris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleix","family":"Cases Amen\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e 177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050177","article-title":"Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Palmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15163","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i41.15163","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in health and disesase: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis","volume":"20","author":"Tojo","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400731","article-title":"The gut flora as a forgotten organ","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.009","article-title":"Microbiota and host nutrition across plant and animal kingdoms","volume":"17","author":"Hacquard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Huttenhower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001377","article-title":"The Human Microbiome Project: A community resource for the healthy human microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Gevers","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21114","article-title":"Development of the infant intestinal microbiome: A bird's eye view of a complex process","volume":"105","author":"Meropol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.03.020","article-title":"Programming infant gut microbiota: Influence of dietary and environmental factors","volume":"21","author":"Marques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022811-101120","article-title":"The early settlers: Intestinal micro- biology in early life","volume":"3","author":"Scholtens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol."},{"issue":"Suppl.1","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000081107","article-title":"Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome","volume":"108","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01900.x","article-title":"Development and application of the human intestinal tract chip, a phylogenetic microarray: Analysis of universally conserved phylotypes in the abundant microbiota of young and elderly adults","volume":"11","author":"Rajilic-Stojanovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00104","article-title":"The function of our microbiota: Who is out there and what they do?","volume":"2","author":"Ottman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11319","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly","volume":"488","author":"Claesson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0640","first-page":"3","article-title":"Microbiota aut\u00f3ctona, probi\u00f3ticos y prebi\u00f3ticos","volume":"31","author":"Suarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283619e63","article-title":"Carbohydrates and the human microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Chassard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010667","article-title":"Through ageing, and beyond: Gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians","volume":"5","author":"Biagi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoSONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150046","article-title":"Age-associated modifications of intestinal permeability and innate immunity in human small intestine","volume":"129","author":"Man","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000238","article-title":"The ageing gastrointestinal tract","volume":"19","author":"Soenen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000242","article-title":"Microbiota and aging","volume":"19","author":"Bischoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00587","article-title":"From lifetime to evolution: Timescales of human gut microbiota adaptation","volume":"5","author":"Quercia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2013.09.008","article-title":"Gut microbiota, enteroendocrine functions and metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Cani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01285","article-title":"Molecular players involved in the interaction between beneficial bacteria and the immune system","volume":"6","author":"Hevia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.191","article-title":"The gut microbiome, diet, and links to cardiometabolic and chronic disorders","volume":"12","author":"Aron-Wisnewsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.165","article-title":"Role of altered intestinal microbiota in systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Mafra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu287","article-title":"Alterations of intestinal barrier and microbiota in chronic kidney disease","volume":"30","author":"Sabatino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.440","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota, a leaky gut, and abnormal immunity in kidney disease","volume":"83","author":"Anders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.040618-0","article-title":"Long-term impact of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota","volume":"156","author":"Jemberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836","article-title":"Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome","volume":"5","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLos ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.04.048","article-title":"Colonic transit time in long-term dialysis patients","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12086","article-title":"Nutritional iron turned inside out: Intestinal stress from a gut microbial perspective","volume":"38","author":"Kortman","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308147","article-title":"Dietary iron supplementation: A proinflamatory attack on the intestine?","volume":"64","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e328358c8d5","article-title":"CKD impairs barrier function and alters microbial flora of the intestine: A major link to inflammation and uremic toxicity","volume":"21","author":"Vaziri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl273","article-title":"Associations between renal function, volume status and endotoxemia in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"21","author":"Goncalves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12760","article-title":"Thee microbiota, the immune system and the allograft","volume":"14","author":"Alegre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.70","article-title":"Microbiota \u2013implications for immunity and transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Bromberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3202-7","article-title":"Gut bacterial translocation may aggravate microinflammation in hemodialysis patients","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01647.x","article-title":"Gut bacterial translocation is associated with microinflammation in end-stage renal disease patients","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv026","article-title":"Gut microbiota and inflammation in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"8","author":"Mafra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04610510","article-title":"Circulating endotoxemia: A novel factor in systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"McIntyre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv004","article-title":"The intestine and the kidneys: A bad marriage can be hazardous","author":"Vanholder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.09.027","article-title":"The gut microbiome in uremia: Potential therapeutic target","volume":"67","author":"Ramenazani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812874106","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites","volume":"106","author":"Wikoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"114","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.402","article-title":"Uremic toxins originating from colonic microbial metabolism","author":"Evenepoel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00576.x","article-title":"Protein-bound toxins- update","volume":"22","author":"Jourde-Chiche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Dial."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005030310","article-title":"Removal of P-cresol sulfate by hemodialysis","volume":"16","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x","article-title":"Review on uremic toxins: Classification, concentration, and interindividual variability","volume":"63","author":"Vanholder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"Suppl 62","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0810","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Serum levels of polyamines in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"24","author":"Saito","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0815","first-page":"451","article-title":"A uremic peptide containing polyamine: Formation and possible role in uremic hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"12","author":"Lutz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Physiol Chem Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013101062","article-title":"The uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Vanholder","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2015.00060","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and fibrosis: The role of uremic retention solutes","author":"Mutsaers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq818","article-title":"The gut-kidney axis: Indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate and CKD progression","volume":"26","author":"Meijers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00906.x","article-title":"Uremic toxins of organic anions up-regulate PAI-1 expression by induction of NF-kappaB and free radical in proximal tubular cells","volume":"63","author":"Motojima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq580","article-title":"p-Cresyl sulphate and indoxyl sulphate predict progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014111063","article-title":"Serum trimethylamine-N-oxide is elevated in CKD and correlates with coronary atherosclerosis burden","volume":"27","author":"Stubbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03980609","article-title":"Serum indoxyl sulfate is associated with vascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"4","author":"Barreto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32830f45b6","article-title":"New insights into uremic toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Raff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01780.x","article-title":"Elevation of circulating endothelial microparticles in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"4","author":"Faure","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp574","article-title":"Does indoxyl sulfate, a uraemic toxin, have direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes?","volume":"31","author":"Lekawanvijit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002023","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002023","article-title":"Role of indoxyl sulfate as a predisposing factor for atrial fibrillation in renal dysfunction","volume":"4","author":"Aoki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25018","article-title":"Para-cresyl sulfate acutely impairs vascular reactivity and induces vascular remodeling","volume":"230","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-87","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease relates to intestinal uptake of p-cresol in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Poesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.31","article-title":"Free p-cresol is associated with cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients","volume":"73","author":"Meijers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.012","article-title":"The role of protein-bound uremic toxins on peripheral artery disease and vascular access failure in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"225","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0895","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the associations of p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013121283","article-title":"The cardiovascular effect of the uremic solute indole-3 acetic acid","volume":"26","author":"Dou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305360","article-title":"Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease","volume":"116","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0141738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141738","article-title":"Serum trimethylamine-N-oxide is strongly related to renal function and predicts outcome in chronic kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Missailidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2015.02.006","article-title":"Associations of trimethylamine N-oxide with nutritional and inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular outcomes in patients new to dialysis","volume":"25","author":"Kaysen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.114","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate, a representative uremic toxin, suppresses erythropoietin production in a HIF-dependent manner","volume":"91","author":"Chiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.10.011","article-title":"Role of uremic toxins in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent resistance in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients","volume":"25","author":"Nangaku","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-244","article-title":"Triggering of suicidal erythrocyte death by uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.2006.00370.x","article-title":"Polyamines as an inhibitor on erythropoiesis of hemodialysis patients by in vitro bioassay using the fetal mouse liver assay","volume":"10","author":"Yoshida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther Apher Dial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002097","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate induces skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone in cultured osteoblastic cells","volume":"71","author":"Nii-Kono","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3182989f26","article-title":"Association of indoxyl sulfate with fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"347","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.06.010","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate exacerbates low bone turnover induced by parathyroidectomy in young adult rats","volume":"79","author":"Hirata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2013.06.003","article-title":"Protein-bound uremic toxins\u2026 new targets to prevent insulin resistance and dysmetabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"23","author":"Soulage","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013080905","article-title":"The gut microbiome, kidney disease, and targeted interventions","volume":"25","author":"Ramezani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.03.015","article-title":"Dietary protein-fiber ratio associates with circulating levels of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"25","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12491211","article-title":"The production of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in vegetarians versus omnivores","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1159\/000346628","article-title":"Very low protein diet reduces indoxyl sulfate levels in chronic kidney disease","volume":"35","author":"Marzocco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp414","article-title":"p-cresyl sulfate serum concentrations in haemodialysis patients are reduced by the prebiotic oligofructose enriched inulin","volume":"25","author":"Meijers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00490114","article-title":"Effect of increasing dietary fiber on plasma levels of colon-derived solutes in hemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Sirich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114881","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114881","article-title":"High amylose resistant starch diet ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, and progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Vaziri","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib0995","unstructured":"The effect of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) on intestinal generation of microbial metabolites in chronic kidney disease. [consultado 20 Mar 2016]. Disponible en: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT02141815?term5Bj%C3%B6rn1Meijers&rank54 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.255","article-title":"Probiotics and chronic kidney disease","volume":"88","author":"Koppe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1159\/000189334","article-title":"Inhibition of the accumulation of uremic toxins in the blood and their precursors in the feces after oral administration of Lebenin, a lactic acid bacteria preparation, to uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"74","author":"Hida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1010","first-page":"92","article-title":"Biomodulation of the toxic and nutritional effects of small bowel bacterial overgrowth in end-stage kidney disease using freeze-dried Lactobacillus acidophilus","volume":"22","author":"Simenhoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S142","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50104","article-title":"Bifidobacterium in gastro-resistant seamless capsule reduces serum levels of indoxyl sulfate in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"41","author":"Takayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1020","first-page":"759","article-title":"Effect of oral intake of an enteric capsule preparation containing Bifidobacterium longum on the progression of chronic renal failure","volume":"45","author":"Ando","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2004.09.028","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Bifidobacteria in a gastroresistant seamless capsule on hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients","volume":"15","author":"Taki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990903069249","article-title":"Probiotic dietary supplementation in patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease: A 6-month pilot scale trial in Canada","volume":"25","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-010-0059-9","article-title":"Pilot study of probiotic dietary supplementation for promoting healthy kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1040","first-page":"582","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on human blood urea levels in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"29","author":"Miranda Alatriste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2014.0088","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on serum levels of cytokine and endotoxin in peritoneal dialysis patients: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568571","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/568571","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of strain-specific probiotic f\u00f3rmulation (Renadyl) in dialysis patients","volume":"2014","author":"Natarajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq624","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic treatment on serum level of p-cresol in haemodialysis patients: A preliminary study","volume":"26","author":"Nakabayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfs072","article-title":"Oral administration of Bifidobacterium longum in a gastro-resistant seamless capsule decreases serum phosphate levels in patients receiving haemodialysis","volume":"5","author":"Ogawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1065","article-title":"Influence of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on the progression of chronic kidney disease","author":"Pavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.05.006","article-title":"Effects of a symbiotic on gut microbiota in mexican patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"24","author":"Cruz-Mora","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.04.007","article-title":"Effect of short-term synbiotic treatment on plasma p-cresol levels in patients with chronic renal failure: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Guida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.09.008","article-title":"Effect of a symbiotic gel (Lactobacillus acidophilus+Bifidobacterium lactis +Inulin) on presence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in hemodialysis patients","volume":"25","author":"Viramontes-H\u00f6rner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05240515","article-title":"Synbiotics Easing Renal Failure by Improving Gut Microbiology (SYNERGY): A randomised cross-over trial","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.12.036","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of AST-120 (Kremezin) in patients with moderate to severe CKD","volume":"47","author":"Schulman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14381","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14381","article-title":"Continuous reduction of protein-bound uraemic toxins with improved oxidative stress by using the oral charcoal adsorbent AST-120 in haemodialysis patients","volume":"5","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu061","article-title":"Oral adsorbent AST-120 potentiates the effect of erythropoietin-stimulating agents on Stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients: A randomized crossover study","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1159\/000351171","article-title":"Oral activated charcoal adsorbent (AST-120) ameliorates chronic kidney disease-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption","volume":"37","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014010042","article-title":"Randomized placebo controlled EPPIC trials of AST-120 in CKD","volume":"26","author":"Schulman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1115","article-title":"Long-term effects of AST-120 on the progression and prognosis of pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease: A 5-year retrospective study","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Vessels."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1120","unstructured":"De Smet R, Thermote F, Lameire N. Sevelamer hydrochloride adsorbs the uremic compound indoxyl sulfate. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 ASN Renal Week. Abstract F-PO-660. p. 208."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1159\/000302723","article-title":"Sevelamer decreases systemic inflammation in parallel to a reduction in endotoxemia","volume":"29","author":"Stinghen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008_bib1130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01650211","article-title":"Effect of phosphate binders on serum inflammatory profile, soluble CD14, and endotoxin levels in hemodialysis patients","volume":"6","author":"Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Nefrolog\u00eda"],"original-title":[],"language":"es","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0211699516300728?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0211699516300728?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T22:09:16Z","timestamp":1568326156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0211699516300728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0211699516300728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.05.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0211-6995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0211-6995","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}}}