{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:08:18Z","timestamp":1792663698659,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,22]],"date-time":"2008-05-22T12:53:21Z","timestamp":1211460801000},"page":"1326-1335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Neurobiology of panic disorder: From animal models to brain neuroimaging"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Frederico G.","family":"Graeff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina M.","family":"Del-Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(02)00182-0","article-title":"Origin and functional role of the extracellular serotonin in the midbrain raphe nuclei","volume":"39","author":"Adell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Research Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib2","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatry Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry\u2014the methods","volume":"11","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1180","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of CCK4-induced anxiety in normal healthy volunteers","volume":"152","author":"Benkelfat","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1635","article-title":"Enhancement of CO2-induced anxiety in healthy volunteers with the serotonin antagonist metergoline","volume":"156","author":"Ben-Zion","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5564","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-14-05564.2000","article-title":"A cholecystokinin-mediated pathway to the paraventricular thalamus is recruited in chronically stressed rats and regulates hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal function","volume":"20","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1178","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolism in women with panic disorder","volume":"155","author":"Bisaga","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.100.2.101","article-title":"Defensive reactions of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus","volume":"100","author":"Blanchard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00056-2","article-title":"Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns on non-human mammals","volume":"25","author":"Blanchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01355-0","article-title":"rCBF differences between panic disorder patients and control subjects during anticipatory anxiety and rest","volume":"52","author":"Boshuisen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00203-1","article-title":"Neurobiology of panic disorder","volume":"44","author":"Bourin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00188-2","article-title":"SPECT (I-123) iomazenil measurement of the benzodiazepine receptor in panic disorder","volume":"47","author":"Bremner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00140-8","article-title":"Social phobia: diagnosis and epidemiology, neurobiology and pharmacology, comorbidity and treatment","volume":"60","author":"Brunello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112210-00020","article-title":"Functional MRI changes during panic anticipation and imagery exposure","volume":"21","author":"Bystritsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.7.793","article-title":"Reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-benzodiazepine binding sites in insular cortex of individuals with panic disorder","volume":"64","author":"Cameron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1017385","article-title":"The influence of ritanserin, a serotonin antagonist in anxiety disorders: a double-blind placebo-controlled study versus lorazepam","volume":"18","author":"Ceulemans","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.2.203","article-title":"Misinterpretation of body sensations in panic disorder","volume":"65","author":"Clark","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00300-X","article-title":"The neurobiology of anxiety disorders. Brain circuits in panic disorder","volume":"44","author":"Coplan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.04.004","article-title":"Human feelings: why are some more aware than others","volume":"8","author":"Craig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(96)03003-X","article-title":"High frequency of EEG and MRI brain abnormalities in panic disorder","volume":"68","author":"Dantendorfer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib21","series-title":"The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals","author":"Darwin","year":"1872"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033","article-title":"The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annual Reviews of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib23","series-title":"Proceedings of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Symposium. Clinical Profile of Ritanserin","first-page":"16","article-title":"Early clinical experience with ritanserin in neurotic patients","author":"Deakin","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119100500414","article-title":"5-HT and mechanisms of defence","volume":"5","author":"Deakin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0189-y","article-title":"Effects of fluoxetine and buspirone on the panicolytic-like response induced by the activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in the rat dorsal periaqueductal gray","volume":"183","author":"De Bortoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90004-W","article-title":"Brain perfusion abnormalities in drug-naive, lactate-sensitive panic patients: a SPECT study","volume":"33","author":"De Cristofaro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00312-2","article-title":"Do panic patients process unconditioned fear versus conditioned anxiety differently from normal subjects?","volume":"104","author":"Del-Ben","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245749","article-title":"Serotonin function in panic disorder: a double blind placebo controlled study with fluvoxamine and ritanserin","volume":"102","author":"Den Boer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1126\/science.256.5064.1696","article-title":"PET images of blood flow changes during anxiety: correction","volume":"256","author":"Drevets","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib30","series-title":"The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter: Functional, Anatomical and Immunohistochemical Organization","first-page":"151","article-title":"The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety","author":"Fanselow","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07077.x","article-title":"The amygdala, fear, and memory","volume":"985","author":"Fanselow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00503-5","article-title":"Brain correlates of an unexpected panic attack: a human positron emission tomographic study","volume":"251","author":"Fischer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90004-L","article-title":"Temporal lobe abnormalities in panic disorder: an MRI study","volume":"27","author":"Fontaine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00336-0","article-title":"Electrodermal hyporeactivity and antisocial behavior: does anxiety mediate the relationship?","volume":"61","author":"Fowles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.010","article-title":"Anxiety and salivary cortisol in symptomatic and nonsymptomatic panic patients and healthy volunteers performing simulated public speaking","volume":"133","author":"Garcia-Leal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119300700402","article-title":"Clomipramine, a better reference drug for panic\/agoraphobia. I. Effectiveness comparison with imipramine","volume":"7","author":"Gentil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1202","article-title":"Automatic differentiation of anatomical patterns in the human brain: validation with studies of degenerative dementias","volume":"17","author":"Good","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.493","article-title":"Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised","volume":"157","author":"Gorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib39","series-title":"New Concepts in Anxiety","first-page":"288","article-title":"Neurotransmitters in the dorsal periaqueductal gray and animal models of panic anxiety","author":"Graeff","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1112-4","article-title":"On serotonin and experimental anxiety","volume":"163","author":"Graeff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.12.004","article-title":"Serotonin, the periaqueductal gray and panic disorder","volume":"28","author":"Graeff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib42","series-title":"Textbook of Biological Psychiatry","first-page":"879","article-title":"Animal models of anxiety disorders","author":"Graeff","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652005000300009","article-title":"Does the panic attack activate the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis?","volume":"77","author":"Graeff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000400003","article-title":"Pharmacology of human experimental anxiety","volume":"36","author":"Graeff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432224","article-title":"Effect of metergoline on human anxiety","volume":"86","author":"Graeff","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib46","series-title":"The Neuropsychology of Anxiety","author":"Gray","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib47","series-title":"The Neuropsychology of Anxiety","author":"Gray","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/026988118700100305","article-title":"Effect of chlorimipramine and maprotiline on experimental anxiety in humans","volume":"1","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2006.05.021","article-title":"Effects of medial amygdala inactivation on a panic-related behavior","volume":"172","author":"Herdade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199602000-00014","article-title":"Addition of d-fenfluramine to benzodiazepines produced a marked improvement in refractory panic disorder\u2014a case report","volume":"16","author":"Hetem","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246136","article-title":"Effect of d-fenfluramine on human experimental anxiety","volume":"127","author":"Hetem","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00060-9","article-title":"Anticipatory coping of pain expressed in the human anterior cingulated cortex: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"262","author":"Hsieh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00785-7","article-title":"Chronic imipramine enhances 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2) receptors-mediated inhibition of panic-like behavior in the rat dorsal periaqueductal gray","volume":"72","author":"Jacob","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00348-5","article-title":"Neuroanatomic correlates of CCK-4-induced panic attacks in healthy humans: a comparison of two time points","volume":"45","author":"Javanmard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800010081010","article-title":"Imipramine and chlordiazepoxide in depressive and anxiety disorders. II. Efficacy in anxious outpatients","volume":"43","author":"Kahn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02193476","article-title":"Delineation of two drug-responsive anxiety syndromes","volume":"5","author":"Klein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.11.3.421","article-title":"Potentiated startle: its relation to freezing and shock intensity in rats","volume":"11","author":"Leaton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology, Animal Behavior Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90091-4","article-title":"Emotional memory systems in the brain","volume":"58","author":"LeDoux","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300077010","article-title":"Lactate provocation of panic attacks: biochemical and physiological findings","volume":"42","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.02.026","article-title":"Regional brain gray matter volume differences in patients with bipolar disorder as assessed by optimized voxel-based morphometry","volume":"55","author":"Lochhead","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890500492787","article-title":"Modulation of anxiety circuits by serotonergic systems","volume":"8","author":"Lowry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300880","article-title":"Serotonin function in panic disorder: important, but why?","volume":"31","author":"Maron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2003.10.004","article-title":"Reduced brain serotonin transporter binding in patients with panic disorder","volume":"132","author":"Maron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.566","article-title":"Parahippocampal gray matter density in panic disorder: a voxel-based morphometric study","volume":"160","author":"Massana","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1083","article-title":"Reduced levels of creatine in the right medial temporal lobe region of panic disorder patients detected with (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Massana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00036-3","article-title":"Amygdalar atrophy in panic disorder patients detected by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"19","author":"Massana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144157","article-title":"The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences","volume":"27","author":"McGaugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Reviews of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436092","article-title":"Simulated public speaking as a model of clinical anxiety","volume":"77","author":"McNair","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.03.005","article-title":"A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear\/anxiety and defensive distance","volume":"28","author":"McNaughton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/h0082981","article-title":"Quantification of response suppression in conditioned anxiety training","volume":"21","author":"Millenson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144298","article-title":"When fear is near: threat imminence elicits prefrontal\u2013periaqueductal gray shifts in humans","volume":"317","author":"Mobbs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/383812a0","article-title":"A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions","volume":"383","author":"Morris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s002139900342","article-title":"d-Fenfluramine in panic disorder: a dual role for 5-hydroxytryptamine","volume":"149","author":"Mortimore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib74","first-page":"191","article-title":"The midbrain and pain","volume":"vol. 4","author":"Nashold","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib75","first-page":"261","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder","volume":"3","author":"Nordahl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00026-2","article-title":"Regional cerebral metabolic asymmetries replicated in an independent group of patients with panic disorders","volume":"44","author":"Nordahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900009901","article-title":"Overview of diagnosis and drug treatments of anxiety disorders","volume":"10","author":"Nutt","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.1.4.404","article-title":"Correlation of severity of panic disorder and neuroanatomical changes on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"1","author":"Ontiveros","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.042","article-title":"An insular view of anxiety","volume":"60","author":"Paulus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00171-9","article-title":"Neurobiology of emotion perception. II. Implications for major psychiatric disorders","volume":"54","author":"Phillips","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01417-0","article-title":"Autoregulation of serotonin neurons: role in antidepressant drug action","volume":"51","author":"Pi\u00f1eyro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib82","first-page":"340","article-title":"The change of regional brain metabolism (18FDG PET) in panic disorder during the treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy or antidepressants","volume":"25","author":"Prasko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinology Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000203354.80438.1","article-title":"Increased brainstem volume in panic disorder: a voxel-based morphometric study","volume":"17","author":"Protopopescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"Suppl. 16","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib84","first-page":"4","article-title":"The application of positron emission tomography to the study of normal and pathologic emotions","volume":"58","author":"Reiman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2784226","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of anticipatory anxiety","volume":"243","author":"Reiman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810060013003","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack","volume":"46","author":"Reiman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.4.469","article-title":"The application of positron emission tomography to the study of panic disorder","volume":"143","author":"Reiman","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200506210-00010","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolism associated with a fear network in panic disorder","volume":"16","author":"Sakai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.017","article-title":"Changes in cerebral glucose utilization in patients with panic disorder treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy","volume":"33","author":"Sakai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00060-4","article-title":"Modeling panic attacks","volume":"25","author":"Schenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(86)90039-2","article-title":"A neuropharmacological study of the periventricular neural substrate involved in flight","volume":"22","author":"Schmitt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"Suppl. 16","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib92","first-page":"13","article-title":"Pharmacologic activation of limbic structures and neuroimaging studies of emotions","volume":"58","author":"Servan-Schreiber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00020-9","article-title":"Fear and power-dominance drive motivation: neural representations and pathways mediating sensory and mnemonic inputs, and outputs to premotor structures","volume":"26","author":"Sewards","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652007000100012","article-title":"Animal defense strategies and anxiety disorders","volume":"79","author":"Shuhama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2008000400011","article-title":"Defensive responses to threat scenarios in Brazilians reproduce the pattern of Hawaiian Americans and non-human mammals","volume":"41","author":"Shuhama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100752","article-title":"Opposed effects of nefazodone in two human models of anxiety","volume":"156","author":"Silva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.4.621b","article-title":"Controlling panic attacks with fenfluramine","volume":"151","author":"Solyom","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib98","series-title":"Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain","author":"Talairach","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90210-2","article-title":"Fenfluramine provocation of anxiety in patients with panic disorder","volume":"28","author":"Targum","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000700014","article-title":"Decreased volume of left temporal lobe in panic patients measured through magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"36","author":"Uchida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2007.04.015","article-title":"Regional grey matter abnormalities in panic disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"163","author":"Uchida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"858","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib102","first-page":"11","article-title":"Pharmacological and endocrinological properties of intracranially-induced panic-like behaviors.","volume":"27","author":"Vargas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Society of Neuroscience Abstracts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.36101","article-title":"Lesion of the ventral periaqueductal gray reduces conditioned fear but does not change freezing induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray","volume":"8","author":"Vianna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(00)00055-X","article-title":"Temporal lobe volume in panic disorder\u2014a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"99","author":"Vythilingam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1032","article-title":"A voxel-based method for the statistical analysis of grey and white matter density applied to schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04394.x","article-title":"Putaminal gray matter volume decrease in panic disorder: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"22","author":"Yoo","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(05)81127-7","article-title":"Behavioral evidence that chronic treatment with alprazolam sensitizes serotonin-2a receptors in the rat dorsal periaqueductal gray matter","volume":"15","author":"Zangrossi","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00075-8","article-title":"Anxiolytic effect of intra-amygdala injection of midazolam and 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin in the elevated T-maze","volume":"369","author":"Zangrossi","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01970-8","article-title":"Serotonin in the dorsal periaqueductal gray modulates inhibitory avoidance and one-way escape behaviors in the elevated T-maze","volume":"473","author":"Zanoveli","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fbp.0000179280.05654.5a","article-title":"Chronic imipramine treatment sensitizes 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter: evidence from the elevated T-maze test of anxiety","volume":"16","author":"Zanoveli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavioural Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.01.001","article-title":"Enhanced reactivity of 5-HT1A receptors in the rat dorsal periaqueductal gray matter after chronic treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline: evidence from the elevated T-maze","volume":"52","author":"Zanoveli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763408000730?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763408000730?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T11:15:31Z","timestamp":1738235731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763408000730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0149763408000730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}}}