{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:41:10Z","timestamp":1793306470176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T11:05:20Z","timestamp":1592219120000},"page":"21-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The compassionate vagus: A meta-analysis on the connection between compassion and heart rate variability"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Di Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Carnevali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Petrocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian F.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ottaviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-1045-6","article-title":"Differences in compassion, well-being, and social anxiety between Japan and the USA","volume":"10","author":"Arimitsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0010","series-title":"Human Evolutionary Psychol","author":"Barrett","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004","article-title":"Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology","volume":"98","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJSLP-16-0172","article-title":"A mindfulness practice for communication sciences and disorders undergraduate and speech-language pathology graduate students: effects on stress, self-compassion, and perfectionism","volume":"26","author":"*Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.06.011","article-title":"Resting high frequency heart rate variability selectively predicts cooperative behavior","volume":"164","author":"Beffara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10503","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1103-13.2013","article-title":"The autonomic brain: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis for central processing of autonomic function","volume":"33","author":"Beissner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)62272-1","article-title":"The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective","volume":"68","author":"Benarroch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-018-0076-1","article-title":"Cognitive training for military application: a review of the literature and practical guide","volume":"3","author":"Blacker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Enhanc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0045","series-title":"Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion","author":"Bloom","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0567-2","article-title":"Age and gender differences in the associations of self-compassion and emotional well-being in a large adolescent sample","volume":"46","author":"*Bluth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.07.004","article-title":"Helping from the heart: voluntary upregulation of heart rate variability predicts altruistic behavior","volume":"119","author":"Bornemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2006.07.016","article-title":"Daily worry is related to low heart rate variability during waking and the subsequent nocturnal sleep period","volume":"63","author":"Brosschot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.019","article-title":"Exposed to events that never happen: generalized unsafety, the default stress response, and prolonged autonomic activity","volume":"74","author":"Brosschot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.04.004","article-title":"Connecting prosocial behavior to improved physical health: contributions from the neurobiology of parenting","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115110","article-title":"Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior","volume":"65","author":"Carter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0080","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science","first-page":"178","article-title":"The roots of compassion: an evolutionary and neurobiological perspective","author":"Carter","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.038","article-title":"Association between heart rate variability and fluctuations in resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"68","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0090","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160816120209","article-title":"Positive social interactions in a lifespan perspective with a focus on opioidergic and oxytocinergic systems: implications for neuroprotection","volume":"15","author":"Colonnello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015565","article-title":"The relative benefits of meta-analysis conducted with individual participant data versus aggregated data","volume":"14","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.54.4.961","article-title":"Human sinus arrhythmia as an index of vagal cardiac outflow","volume":"54","author":"Eckberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.1.55","article-title":"Relation of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior: a multimethod study","volume":"57","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.2.195","article-title":"The relations of children\u2019s dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning","volume":"32","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.4.655","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological correlates of children\u2019s reactions to others in distress","volume":"29","author":"Fabes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.06.015","article-title":"The impact of heart rate variability on subjective well-being is mediated by emotion regulation","volume":"49","author":"Geisler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.02.013","article-title":"Cardiac vagal tone is associated with social engagement and self-regulation","volume":"93","author":"Geisler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0135","series-title":"Depression: the Evolution of Powerlessness","author":"Gilbert","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0140","series-title":"Compassion Focused Therapy: the CBT Distinctive Features Series","author":"Gilbert","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12043","article-title":"The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy","volume":"53","author":"Gilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0150","series-title":"An Evolutionary Approach to Emotion in Mental Health with a Focus on Affiliative Emotions","author":"Gilbert","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.4\/pgilbert","article-title":"Affiliative and prosocial motives and emotions in mental health","volume":"17","author":"Gilbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0160","series-title":"Compassion, Concepts, Research and Applications","first-page":"31","article-title":"Compassion as a social mentality: an evolutionary approach","author":"Gilbert","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0165","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differences in the semantics of prosocial words: an exploration of compassion and kindness","author":"Gilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018807","article-title":"Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review","volume":"136","author":"Goetz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0175","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0","author":"Higgins","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0180","first-page":"71","article-title":"Are all measures created equal? Heart rate variability and respiration","volume":"45","author":"Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-012-9373-z","article-title":"Enhancing compassion: a randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program","volume":"14","author":"Jazaieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0190","series-title":"Handbook of Psychophysiology","first-page":"812","article-title":"Methodology","author":"Jennings","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12586","article-title":"Resting state connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex covaries with individual differences in high-frequency heart rate variability","volume":"53","author":"Jennings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-132","article-title":"Non-verbal communication of compassion: measuring psychophysiologic effects","volume":"11","author":"*Kemper","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Alternative Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.10.024","article-title":"What factors contribute to headache-related disability in teens?","volume":"56","author":"*Kemper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63846-3","article-title":"Neurophysiological and behavioural markers of compassion","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00040","article-title":"The current and future role of heart rate variability for assessing and training compassion","volume":"5","author":"Kirby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.007","article-title":"Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: a meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Koenig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00582","article-title":"A Meta-analysis on sex differences in resting-state vagal activity in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Koenig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037509","article-title":"Vagal activity is quadratically related to prosocial traits, prosocial emotions, and observer perceptions of prosociality","volume":"107","author":"Kogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.09.005","article-title":"Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness","volume":"85","author":"Kok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research - recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting","volume":"8","author":"Laborde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.06.054","article-title":"Imaging empathy and prosocial emotions","volume":"693","author":"Lamm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-008-9112-2","article-title":"When head is tempered by heart: heart rate variability modulates perception of other-blame reducing anger","volume":"33","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Motivat. Emot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0255","first-page":"349","article-title":"Statistical strategies to quantify respiratory sinus arrhythmia: are commonly used metrics equivalent? Biol","volume":"89","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0260","series-title":"Practical Meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11290-1","article-title":"Inter-individual differences in heart rate variability are associated with inter-individual differences in mind-reading","volume":"7","author":"Lischke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25739-4","article-title":"Heart rate variability is associated with social value orientation in males but not females","volume":"8","author":"Lischke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00229","article-title":"Inter-individual differences in heart rate variability are associated with inter-individual differences in empathy and alexithymia","volume":"9","author":"Lischke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01040","article-title":"Sex-specific associations between inter-individual differences in heart rate variability and inter-individual differences in emotion regulation","volume":"12","author":"Lischke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0777-z","article-title":"Compassion for others and self-compassion: levels, correlates, and relationship with psychological well-being","volume":"9","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-0900-9","article-title":"Self-compassion modulates heart rate variability and negative affect to experimentally induced stress","volume":"9","author":"*Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-071919-015355","article-title":"The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: state of the art and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Luyten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.06.003","article-title":"Exploring compassion: a meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology","volume":"32","author":"MacBeth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.10.013","article-title":"Alterations in amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity account for excessive worry and autonomic dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"80","author":"Makovac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.001","article-title":"A meta-analysis of non-invasive brain stimulation and autonomic functioning: implications for brain-heart pathways to cardiovascular disease","volume":"74","author":"Makovac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0745-7","article-title":"Psychological and physiological effects of compassionate mind training: a pilot randomised controlled study","volume":"8","author":"*Matos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2019.102810","article-title":"Trusting your heart: long-term memory for bad and good people is influenced by resting vagal tone","volume":"75","author":"Mattarozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conscious. Cog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-018-0865-6","article-title":"Learning by heart\u2014the relationship between resting vagal tone and metacognitive judgments: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Meessen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02638","article-title":"Self-compassion and cultural values: a cross-cultural study of self-compassion using a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analytical procedure","volume":"9","author":"Montero-Marin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309027","article-title":"Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion","volume":"2","author":"Neff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2011.649546","article-title":"The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators","volume":"12","author":"Neff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015383","article-title":"Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia is associated with tonic positive emotionality","volume":"9","author":"*Oveis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12224","article-title":"The social brain and heart rate variability: implications for psychotherapy","volume":"92","author":"Petrocchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2016.1209544","article-title":"Compassion at the mirror: exposure to a mirror increases the efficacy of a self-compassion manipulation in enhancing soothing positive affect and heart rate variability","volume":"12","author":"*Petrocchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.028","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances soothing positive affect and vagal tone","volume":"96","author":"Petrocchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1086\/282697","article-title":"On r- and K-Selection","volume":"104","author":"Pianka","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00057-2","article-title":"Love: an emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system","volume":"23","author":"Porges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1301.004","article-title":"Social engagement and attachment: a phylogenetic perspective","volume":"1008","author":"Porges","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0385","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science","first-page":"189","article-title":"Vagal pathways to compassion","author":"Porges","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2003.92.1.307","article-title":"Coregulation in mother-infant dyads: links to infants\u2019 cardiac vagal tone","volume":"92","author":"Porter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.08.012","article-title":"Heart rate variability is associated with emotion recognition: direct evidence for a relationship between the autonomic nervous system and social cognition","volume":"86","author":"Quintana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101638","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of mindfulness based interventions on heart rate variability and inflammatory markers","volume":"8","author":"R\u00e5dmark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0405","first-page":"132","article-title":"A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery","volume":"5","author":"*Rockliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry J. Treat. Eval."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0410","series-title":"The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis","first-page":"103","article-title":"Grey literature","author":"Rothstein","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0415","series-title":"The Development and Evaluation of a Brief Self-practice Compassion-focused Therapy (CFT) Intervention as a Precursor to Treatment as Usual (TAU) for Trauma Patients: a Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)","article-title":"Evaluation of a brief self-practice CFT intervention: phase Two","author":"*Rycroft","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.05.076","article-title":"Heart rate variability is associated with amygdala functional connectivity with MPFC across younger and older adults","volume":"139","author":"Sakaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000155388.39002.9D","article-title":"Effects of exercise on heart rate variability: inferences from meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Sandercock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803\/a000210","article-title":"Cooperation between strangers in face-to-face dyads produces more cardiovascular activation than competition or working alone","volume":"33","author":"Sari\u00f1ana-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0435","article-title":"The enemy in the mirror: self-perception-induced stress results in dissociation of psychological and physiological responses in patients with dissociative disorder","volume":"9","author":"*Sch\u00e4flein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000565","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment of self-attitudes in response to dietary lapses","volume":"37","author":"Schumacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12226","article-title":"Heart rate variability during social interactions in children with and without psychopathology: a meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Shahrestani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psyc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470.2014.880871","article-title":"Revolutionary narratives of self-compassion among older women in post-Mao Beijing","volume":"21","author":"Shea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anthropol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.10.005","article-title":"Negativity bias in attitude learning: a possible indicator of vulnerability to emotional disorders?","volume":"38","author":"Shook","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021136","article-title":"Matters of the variable heart: respiratory sinus arrhythmia response to marital interaction and associations with marital quality","volume":"100","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0465","series-title":"Compassion, Concepts, Research and Applications","first-page":"120","author":"Stellar","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000010","article-title":"Affective and physiological responses to the suffering of others: compassion and vagal activity","volume":"108","author":"*Stellar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.05.004","article-title":"What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures","volume":"47","author":"Strauss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-016-0549-1","article-title":"Trait self-compassion reflects emotional flexibility through an association with high vagally mediated heart rate variability","volume":"7","author":"*Svendsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0485","first-page":"H2926","article-title":"Forebrain parasympathetic control of heart activity: retrograde transneuronal viral labeling in rats","volume":"273","author":"Ter Horst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health","author":"Thayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23340","article-title":"Desynchronization of autonomic response and central autonomic network connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"38","author":"Thome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0500","series-title":"Compassion: Conceptualisations, Research and Use in Psychotherapy","first-page":"75","article-title":"A conceptual framework for integrating research related to the physiology of compassion and the wisdom of Buddhist teachings","author":"Wang","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0505","series-title":"The Newcastle-ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality If Nonrandomized Studies in Meta-analyses","author":"Wells","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12456","article-title":"Resting heart rate variability is associated with inhibition of conditioned fear","volume":"52","author":"Wendt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000396","article-title":"Heartfelt memories: cardiac vagal tone correlates with increased memory for untrustworthy faces","volume":"19","author":"Wendt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612469537","article-title":"Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering","volume":"24","author":"Weng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00261","article-title":"Resting heart rate variability predicts self-reported difficulties in emotion regulation: a focus on different facets of emotion regulation","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-1066-1","article-title":"Gender differences in self-compassion: examining the role of gender role orientation","volume":"10","author":"Yarnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mindfulness"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763420304437?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763420304437?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T09:38:32Z","timestamp":1758965912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763420304437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":106,"alternative-id":["S0149763420304437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The compassionate vagus: A meta-analysis on the connection between compassion and heart rate variability","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.06.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}