{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:30:22Z","timestamp":1772782222349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":513,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH122537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH122537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T11:32:21Z","timestamp":1663241541000},"page":"104878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Classification and assessment of fear and anxiety in personality and psychopathology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee Anna","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard J.","family":"Simms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition-Text revision (DSM-5-TR) 2022 Author Washington DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS\/BAS scales","volume":"67","author":"Carver","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.3.316","article-title":"Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications","volume":"100","author":"Clark","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000626","article-title":"Constructing validity: new developments in creating objective measuring instruments","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000568","article-title":"The trait model of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD): a structural review","volume":"13","author":"Clark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personal. Disord.: Theory Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168300700301","article-title":"The cost of dichotomization","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000273","article-title":"The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire (RST-PQ): development and validation","volume":"28","author":"Corr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.013","article-title":"Neuroscience and approach\/avoidance personality traits: a two stage (valuation-motivation) approach","volume":"36","author":"Corr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.08.003","article-title":"The phobic stimuli response scales: a new self-report measure of fear","volume":"42","author":"Cutshall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12593","article-title":"The distinction between symptoms and traits in the hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP)","volume":"90","author":"DeYoung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.38.1.114","article-title":"Cicero and the state-trait theory of anxiety: another case of delayed recognition","volume":"38","author":"Eysenck","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.10.012","article-title":"A return to the psychiatric dark ages with a two-system framework for fear","volume":"100","author":"Fanselow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(65)90040-9","article-title":"The development of a scale to measure fear","volume":"3","author":"Geer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib14","series-title":"The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System","author":"Gray","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib15","series-title":"The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System","author":"Gray","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13474","article-title":"Fear, anxiety, and their disorders from the perspective of psychophysiology","volume":"57","author":"Hamm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib17","first-page":"189","article-title":"On the distinction between fear and anxiety in a (post)pandemic world: a commentary on Schimmenti et al. (2020)","volume":"17","author":"Heeren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001117","article-title":"Dysphoria and well-being in daily life: development and validation of ecological momentary assessment scales","volume":"34","author":"Jimenez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258","article-title":"The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): a dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies","volume":"126","author":"Kotov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-093304","article-title":"The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): a quantitative nosology based on consensus of evidence","volume":"17","author":"Kotov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002815","article-title":"The structure and short-term stability of the emotional disorders: a dimensional approach","volume":"45","author":"Kotov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002674","article-title":"Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5","volume":"42","author":"Krueger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20844","article-title":"Validity and utility of hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): II. Externalizing superspectrum","volume":"20","author":"Krueger","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23109","article-title":"Exposure to COVID-19 pandemic stress: associations with depression and anxiety in emerging adults in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Kujawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030353","article-title":"Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: a two-system framework","volume":"173","author":"LeDoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023678","article-title":"The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopathology: a quantitative review","volume":"137","author":"Markon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.1.139","article-title":"Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: an integrative hierarchical approach","volume":"88","author":"Markon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0456-6","article-title":"Viewpoints: approaches to defining and investigating fear","volume":"22","author":"Mobbs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114528030","article-title":"Consensually defined facets of personality as prospective predictors of change in depression symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Naragon-Gainey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.2.150","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief form of the multidimensional personality questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"Patrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620920860","article-title":"A comparison of two neurobiological models of fear and anxiety: a \u201cconstruct validity\u201d application?","volume":"15","author":"Schaffner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211015309","article-title":"Development of measures for the hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): a collaborative scale development project","volume":"29","author":"Simms","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000711","article-title":"The replicability of the personality inventory for DSM-5 domain scale factor structure in U.S. and non-U.S. samples: a quantitative review of the published literature","volume":"31","author":"Somma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000096","article-title":"The next big five inventory (BFI-2): developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power","volume":"113","author":"Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib36","unstructured":"Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P.R., & Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191118790036","article-title":"Clinical utility of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS)","volume":"26","author":"Stasik-O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.08.004","article-title":"Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety: implications for psychopathology","volume":"31","author":"Sylvers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib40","series-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and assessment. Vol. 2: Personality Measurement and Testing","first-page":"261","article-title":"Exploring personality through test construction: development of the multidimensional personality questionnaire","author":"Tellegen","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000264","article-title":"Hierarchical structure of emotional disorders: from individual symptoms to the spectrum","volume":"126","author":"Waszczuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.522","article-title":"Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: a quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V","volume":"114","author":"Watson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153510","article-title":"Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: a quadripartite model","volume":"5","author":"Watson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib44","unstructured":"Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. (in press). Comorbidity and heterogeneity: Two challenges for personality pathology research. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.465","article-title":"Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states","volume":"96","author":"Watson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211003976","article-title":"The development of preliminary HiTOP internalizing spectrum scales","volume":"29","author":"Watson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20943","article-title":"Validity and utility of hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum","volume":"21","author":"Watson","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614536162","article-title":"Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders","volume":"2","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117711022","article-title":"Development and validation of the faceted inventory of the five-factor model (FI-FFM)","volume":"26","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib50","unstructured":"Watson, D., & O\u2019Hara, M.W. , 2017. Understanding the emotional disorders: A symptom-level approach based on the IDAS-II. New York, NY: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012570","article-title":"Further validation of the IDAS: Evidence of convergent, discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity","volume":"20","author":"Watson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191112449857","article-title":"Development and validation of new anxiety and bipolar symptom scales for an expanded version of the IDAS (the IDAS-II)","volume":"19","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.065","article-title":"Self-report indicators of negative valence constructs within the research domain criteria (RDoC): a critical review","volume":"216","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000605","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the five-factor internal structure of the personality inventory for DSM\u20135","volume":"30","author":"Watters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(64)90051-8","article-title":"A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy","volume":"2","author":"Wolpe","year":"1964","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763422003670?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763422003670?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T10:20:28Z","timestamp":1758968428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763422003670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0149763422003670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Classification and assessment of fear and anxiety in personality and psychopathology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104878","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104878"}}