{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:25:02Z","timestamp":1791379502697,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA030292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA030292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH122867-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH122867-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T12:06:47Z","timestamp":1740744407000},"page":"106085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Neuroactive steroids and the pathophysiology of PTSD: Biomarkers for treatment targeting"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7541-4855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziano","family":"Pinna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Ponomareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Stalcup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Rasmusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709419104","article-title":"Down-regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis in corticolimbic circuits mediates social isolation-induced behavior in mice","volume":"104","author":"Ag\u00eds-Balboa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natlional Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14602","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606544103","article-title":"Characterization of brain neurons that express enzymes mediating neurosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"103","author":"Ag\u00eds-Balboa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-01835-3","article-title":"Clinical perspectives in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency","volume":"63","author":"Al Alawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115495","article-title":"The Role of HPA Axis and Allopregnanolone on the Neurobiology of Major Depressive Disorders and PTSD","volume":"22","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3830383","article-title":"Contextual fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: Replication and extension","volume":"38","author":"Ameli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association, 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.07.017","article-title":"Allopregnanolone mediates affective switching through modulation of oscillatory states in the basolateral amygdala","volume":"91","author":"Antonoudiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00367.x","article-title":"Etifoxine stimulates allopregnanolone synthesis in the spinal cord to produce analgesia in experimental mononeuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Aouad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01266-1","article-title":"Neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3\u03b1, 5\u03b1-THP) inhibits inflammatory signals induced by activated MyD88-dependent toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Balan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.8.4089","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) as neuroactive neurosteroids","volume":"95","author":"Baulieu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1703","article-title":"Neurosteroids: endogenous regulators of the GABA(A) receptor","volume":"6","author":"Belelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11513","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2679-05.2005","article-title":"Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors of thalamocortical neurons: a molecular target for hypnotics","volume":"25","author":"Belelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.14.1837","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"283","author":"Brady","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0305-z","article-title":"Active control of arousal by a locus coeruleus GABAergic circuit","volume":"22","author":"Breton-Provencher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17050481","article-title":"Reduction of PTSD Symptoms With Pre-Reactivation Propranolol Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"175","author":"Brunet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr0563","article-title":"Prefrontal 5\u03b1-reductase 2 mediates male-specific acute stress response","volume":"11","author":"Cadeddu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2003.10.001","article-title":"Chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) administration in rats decreases levels of neurosteroids in hippocampus, accompanied by altered behavioral responses to neurosteroids and memory function","volume":"46","author":"Cagetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00874-x","article-title":"Allopregnanolone promotes neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo: therapeutic implication for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3301-04.2005","article-title":"Regulation of gephyrin and GABAA receptor binding within the amygdala after fear acquisition and extinction","volume":"25","author":"Chhatwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4575","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054575","article-title":"A closer look at opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency: a narrative review","volume":"24","author":"Coluzzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.1974","article-title":"Efficacy of sertraline in preventing relapse of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a 28-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"158","author":"Davidson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0631-x","article-title":"Altered white matter microstructural organization in posttraumatic stress disorder across 3047 adults: results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD consortium","volume":"26","author":"Dennis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100209","article-title":"Post-finasteride syndrome: an emerging clinical problem","volume":"12","author":"Diviccaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.106","article-title":"The neurosteroids progesterone and allopregnanolone reduce cell death, gliosis, and functional deficits after traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"22","author":"Djebaili","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051628598","article-title":"Brain 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone synthesis in a mouse model of protracted social isolation","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19786","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C109.016931","article-title":"Inhibition of humansteroid 5\u03b1-reductase (AKR1D1) by \ufb01nasteride and structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex","volume":"284","author":"Drury","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13378","article-title":"Witnessed trauma exposure induces fear in mice through a reduction in endogenous neurosteroid synthesis","volume":"36","author":"Evans-Strong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5155-6","article-title":"Tobacco dependence is associated with increased risk for multi-morbid clustering of posttraumatic stress disorder, depressive disorder, and pain among post-9\/11 deployed veterans","volume":"236","author":"Fonda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0508","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind comparison of sertraline and placebo for posttraumatic stress disorder in a Department of Veterans Affairs setting","volume":"68","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2018.31.1.10","article-title":"Allopregnanolone suppresses mechanical allodynia and internalization of neurokinin-1 receptors at the spinal dorsal horn in a rat postoperative pain model","volume":"31","author":"Fujita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002054","article-title":"Reduced GABAA benzodiazepine receptor binding in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Geuze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.07.031","article-title":"Sulfated steroids as endogenous neuromodulators","volume":"84","author":"Gibbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol., Biochem. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32147","article-title":"Sex dependent influence of a functional polymorphism in steroid 5-\u03b1-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) on post-traumatic stress symptoms","volume":"162","author":"Gillespie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-15-04787.1996","article-title":"Role of the amygdala in the coordination of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and prefrontal cortical monoamine responses to psychological stress in the rat","volume":"16","author":"Goldstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.09.018","article-title":"Blockade of estrogen by hormonal contraceptives impairs fear extinction in female rats and women","volume":"73","author":"Graham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20635","article-title":"Traumatic stress is linked to a deficit in associative episodic memory","volume":"24","author":"Guez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib37","first-page":"281","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Guina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.10.020","article-title":"Cleaning the sleeping brain\u2013the potential restorative function of the glymphatic system","volume":"15","author":"Hauglund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199510000-00021","article-title":"PTSD symptoms in urban adolescent girls: compounded community trauma","volume":"34","author":"Horowitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.133","article-title":"Metaplastic LTP inhibition after LTD induction in CA1 hippocampal slices involves NMDA Receptor-mediated Neurosteroidogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Izumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000093","article-title":"Deployment stress, tobacco use, and post-deployment posttraumatic stress disorder: Gender differences","volume":"8","author":"Japuntich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma.: Theory, Res., Pract., Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21848","article-title":"National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria","volume":"26","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100220","article-title":"Composite contributions of cerebrospinal fluid GABAergic neurosteroids, neuropeptide Y and interleukin-6 to PTSD symptom severity in men with PTSD","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059420909676","article-title":"Serum neurosteroid levels are associated with cortical thickness in individuals diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"51","author":"Kinzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.11.1258","article-title":"A twin registry study of the rela-tionship between posttraumatic stress disorder and nicotine depend-ence in men","volume":"62","author":"Koenen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135349","article-title":"Association between the superior longitudinal fasciculus and perceptual organization and working memory: A diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"738","author":"Koshiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.024","article-title":"Disinhibition, a circuit mechanism for associative learning and memory","volume":"88","author":"Letzkus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.0774","article-title":"Past traumatic events: are they a risk factor for high-risk pregnancy, delivery complications, and postpartum posttraumatic symptoms?","volume":"18","author":"Lev-Weisel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Women'S. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0161-0","article-title":"PTSD in urban primary care: high prevalence and low physician recognition","volume":"22","author":"Liebschutz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13843","article-title":"Neurosteroid biosynthesis down-regulation and changes in GABAA receptor subunit composition: a biomarker axis in stress-induced cognitive and emotional impairment","volume":"174","author":"Locci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.02.006","article-title":"Stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b1 by N-palmitoylethanolamine engages allopregnanolone biosynthesis to modulate emotional behavior","volume":"85","author":"Locci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4753","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2422758","article-title":"Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor","volume":"232","author":"Majewska","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.10.010","article-title":"Out with the old and in with the new: synaptic mechanisms of extinction in the amygdala","volume":"1621","author":"Maren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.1982","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study","volume":"158","author":"Marshall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10678","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910678","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b1 hypermethylation in the hippocampus of mice exposed to social isolation stress is associated with enhanced neuroinflammation and aggressive behavior","volume":"22","author":"Matrisciano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00018-0","article-title":"Permissive role of brain allopregnanolone content in the regulation of pentobarbital-induced righting reflex loss","volume":"38","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02444.x","article-title":"Increased expression of the gene for the Y1 receptor of neuropeptide Y in the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus of Y1R\/LacZ transgenic mice in response to restraint stress","volume":"89","author":"Mele","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13951","article-title":"Src and phospho-FAK kinases are activated by allopregnanolone promoting Schwann cell motility, morphology and myelination","volume":"141","author":"Melfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"5929","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167975","article-title":"Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: key to persistent attenuation of fear memories","volume":"324","author":"Monfils","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(87)90094-X","article-title":"Steroid hormone metabolites potentiate GABA receptor-mediated chloride ion flux with nanomolar potency","volume":"142","author":"Morrow","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00205","article-title":"Allopregnanolone in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulates contextual fear in rats","volume":"9","author":"Nagaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12860","article-title":"Allopregnanolone levels are inversely associated with self-reported pain symptoms in u.s. iraq and afghanistan-era veterans: implications for biomarkers and therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Naylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain. Med"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.10.011","article-title":"S-norfluoxetine microinfused into the basolateral amygdala increases allopregnanolone levels and reduces aggression in socially isolated mice","volume":"60","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-013-0365-8","article-title":"Changes in PTSD symptomatology and mental health during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"16z","author":"Onoye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019S. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.52.6.1113","article-title":"Distinct sites for inverse modulation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors by sulfated steroids","volume":"52","author":"Park-Chung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801853105","article-title":"Decreased cort icolimbic allopregnanolone expression during social isolation enhances contextual fear: a model relevant for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"105","author":"Pibiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. S. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.024","article-title":"PTSD in women is associated with a block in conversion of progesterone to the GABAergic neurosteroids allopregnanolone and pregnanolone measured in plasma","volume":"93","author":"Pineles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100225","article-title":"Associations between PTSD-related extinction retention deficits in women and plasma steroids that modulate brain GABAA and NMDA receptor activity","author":"Pineles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e32833d8ba0","article-title":"In a mouse model relevant for post-traumatic stress disorder, selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSS) improve behavioral deficits by normalizing allopregnanolone biosynthesis","volume":"21","author":"Pinna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00166","article-title":"Targeting neurosteroidogenesis as therapy for PTSD","volume":"4","author":"Pinna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00114","article-title":"Animal models of PTSD: the socially isolated mouse and the biomarker role of allopregnanolone","volume":"13","author":"Pinna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9718-5","article-title":"Neurosteroid biosynthesis regulates sexually dimorphic fear and aggressive behavior in mice","volume":"33","author":"Pinna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600329103","article-title":"Imidazenil and diazepam increase locomotor activity in mice exposed to protracted social isolation","volume":"103","author":"Pinna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0213-2","article-title":"Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine stereospecifically and selectively increase brain neurosteroid content at doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake","volume":"186","author":"Pinna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337642100","article-title":"In socially isolated mice, the reversal of brain allopregnanolone down-regulation mediates the anti-aggressive action of fluoxetine","volume":"100","author":"Pinna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00256","article-title":"Ganaxolone improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"8","author":"Pinna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00149-5","article-title":"Brain allopregnanolone regulates the potency of the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol","volume":"39","author":"Pinna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3339","article-title":"Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Pitman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.05.011","article-title":"Long-term administration with levonorgestrel decreases allopregnanolone levels and alters GABA(A) receptor subunit expression and anxiety-like behavior","volume":"102","author":"Porcu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Biochem Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.10.4553","article-title":"Stress-induced elevations of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-active steroids in the rat brain","volume":"88","author":"Purdy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.04.010","article-title":"Repeated administration of AC-5216, a ligand for the 18 kDa translocator protein, improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"45","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015","article-title":"Current understanding of fear learning and memory in humans and animal models and the value of a linguistic approach for analyzing fear learning and memory in humans","volume":"105","author":"Raber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00185-7","article-title":"Low baseline and yohimbine-stimulated plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in combat-related PTSD","volume":"47","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib84","series-title":"Handbook of PTSD, Science and Practice, Third Edition","first-page":"168","article-title":"The Neuroendocrinology, Neurochemistry, and Neuroimmunology of PTSD","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.11.027","article-title":"Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid GABAergic neurosteroid levels and symptom severity in men with PTSD","volume":"102","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054","article-title":"Neuroactive steroids and PTSD treatment","volume":"649","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib87","article-title":"Pleiotropic endophenotypic and phenotype effects of GABAergic neurosteroid synthesis deficiency in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"25","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib88","article-title":"A role for deficits in GABAergic neurosteroids and their metabolites with NMDA receptor antagonist activity in the pathophysiology of PTSD","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0908-9","article-title":"Neurotransmitter, peptide, and steroid hormone abnormalities in PTSD: biological endophenotypes relevant to treatment","volume":"20","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.026","article-title":"Decreased cerebrospinal fluid allopregnanolone levels in women with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"60","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900008841","article-title":"III: The neuroendocrinology of PTSD\u2014new directions","volume":"8","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01945-2","article-title":"The cingulate cortex and limbic systems for emotion, action, and memory","volume":"224","author":"Rolls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib93","article-title":"Animal Model Approaches to Understanding the Neurobiology of Suicidal Behavior","volume":"179","author":"Romay-Tallon","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21887","article-title":"Reduced corpus-callosum volume in posttraumatic stress disorder highlights the importance of interhemispheric connectivity for associative memory","volume":"27","author":"Saar-Ashkenazy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib95","article-title":"Preclinical Methods of Neurosteroid-Induced Facilitation of Fear Extinction and Fear Extinction Retention","volume":"198","author":"Santovito","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105450","article-title":"The human affectome","volume":"158","author":"Schiller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000115","article-title":"The shared neuroanatomy and neurobiology of comorbid chronic pain and PTSD: therapeutic implications","volume":"31","author":"Scioli-Salter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.10.0267","article-title":"Potential neurobiological benefits of exercise in chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: Pilot study","volume":"53","author":"Scioli-Salter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03850.x","article-title":"Social isolation-induced increase in alpha and delta subunit gene expression is associated with a greater efficacy of ethanol on steroidogenesis and GABA receptor function","volume":"98","author":"Serra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.013","article-title":"Structural white matter changes in adults and children with posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Siehl","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi116","article-title":"Temporary occlusion of associative motor cortical plasticity by prior dynamic motor training","volume":"16","author":"Stefan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n1105","article-title":"Paroxetine in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage trial","volume":"62","author":"Tucker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3181-15.2016","article-title":"Preferential Inhibition of Tonically over Phasically Activated NMDA Receptors by Pregnane Derivatives","volume":"36","author":"Vyklicky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.01.022","article-title":"Impaired endogenous neurosteroid signaling contributes to behavioral deficits associated with chronic stress","volume":"94","author":"Walton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03366.2002","article-title":"3beta -hydroxypregnane steroids are pregnenolone sulfate-like GABA(A) receptor antagonists","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39779","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m14029","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in US military veterans: Results from the 2019\u20132020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study","volume":"83","author":"Wisco","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6156","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1404603","article-title":"Differential effects of allopregnanolone and diazepam on social behavior through modulation of neural oscillation dynamics in basolateral amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"18","author":"Yawata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.558","article-title":"Pregnant women with posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of preterm birth","volume":"71","author":"Yonkers","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000479","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like effects of YL-IPA08, a potent ligand for the translocator protein (18 kDa) in animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J. Neuropsychopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763425000855?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763425000855?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:36:35Z","timestamp":1777642595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763425000855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["S0149763425000855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuroactive steroids and the pathophysiology of PTSD: Biomarkers for treatment targeting","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106085","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106085"}}