{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:08:42Z","timestamp":1791407322972,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100027043","name":"Milken Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100027043","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022974","name":"Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019211","name":"AbbVie Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T19:18:50Z","timestamp":1744917530000},"page":"106159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Amyloid, Tau, and \u03b1-Synuclein: Target Engagement and Rationale for the Development in Neurodegenerative Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Hezekiah C.T.","family":"Au","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pak Ho","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poh Khuen","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger S.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib1","article-title":"Antidiabetic Drugs for the Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Patients With Type 2 DM Using FAERS","volume":"35","author":"Akimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer'S. Dis. Other Dement. \u00ae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.111932","article-title":"Exenatide alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in the 5\u00d7FAD mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"370","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"10103","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31585-4","article-title":"Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Athauda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and Neurogenesis: A Systematic Review","author":"Au","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68295","article-title":"Exenatide and the treatment of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"123","author":"Aviles-Olmos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2011.600691","article-title":"Targeting amyloid-beta by glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1) in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Bak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/apjtb.apjtb_937_23","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of liraglutide and memantine in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Bakhshwin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i8.682","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"3","author":"Baquero","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5056","article-title":"The diabetes drug liraglutide reverses cognitive impairment in mice and attenuates insulin receptor and synaptic pathology in a non-human primate model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"245","author":"Batista","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113693","article-title":"An extended release GLP-1 analogue increases \u03b1-synuclein accumulation in a mouse model of prodromal Parkinson's disease","volume":"341","author":"Bergkvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.139","article-title":"Exenatide promotes cognitive enhancement and positive brain metabolic changes in PS1-KI mice but has no effects in 3xTg-AD animals","volume":"4","author":"Bomba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190237","article-title":"Exenatide Reverts the High-Fat-Diet-Induced Impairment of BDNF Signaling and Inflammatory Response in an Animal Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"70","author":"Bomba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019S. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01018-5","article-title":"Neuroprotection of Exendin-4 by Enhanced Autophagy in a Parkinsonian Rat Model of \u03b1-Synucleinopathy","volume":"18","author":"Bu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.02.022","article-title":"Lixisenatide rescues spatial memory and synaptic plasticity from amyloid \u03b2 protein-induced impairments in rats","volume":"277","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.10.033","article-title":"Lixisenatide attenuates the detrimental effects of amyloid \u03b2 protein on spatial working memory and hippocampal neurons in rats","volume":"318","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.11.114","article-title":"Lixisenatide reduces amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuroinflammation in an APP\/PS1\/tau mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"495","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib17","article-title":"Liraglutide Reduces Vascular Damage, Neuronal Loss, and Cognitive Impairment in a Mixed Murine Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Carranza-Naval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orig. Res. Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9303-8","article-title":"Amelioration of neurodegenerative changes in cellular and rat models of diabetes-related Alzheimer\u2019s disease by exendin-4","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"AGE"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2250-8","article-title":"Liraglutide Improves Water Maze Learning and Memory Performance While Reduces Hyperphosphorylation of Tau and Neurofilaments in APP\/PS1\/Tau Triple Transgenic Mice","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175439","article-title":"Alternative role of glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"938","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib21","unstructured":"Covidence. September 27, 2024. Accessed November 11, 2024. \u3008https:\/\/www.covidence.org\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib22","article-title":"Resetting the circadian clock of Alzheimer\u2019s mice via GLP-1 injection combined with time-restricted feeding","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orig. Res. Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051746","article-title":"Liraglutide Protects Against Brain Amyloid-\u03b21\u201342 Accumulation in Female Mice with Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Like Pathology by Partially Rescuing Oxidative\/Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028035","article-title":"Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dugger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.08.001","article-title":"Microglia, amyloid, and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: An [11C](R)PK11195-PET and [11C]PIB-PET study","volume":"32","author":"Edison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.102019","article-title":"The GLP-1 medicines semaglutide and tirzepatide do not alter disease-related pathology, behaviour or cognitive function in 5XFAD and APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"89","author":"Forny Germano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2017","article-title":"Neuronal Cell Death","volume":"98","author":"Fricker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.04.006","article-title":"Exendin-4 attenuates brain mitochondrial toxicity through PI3K\/Akt-dependent pathway in amyloid beta (1\u201342)-induced cognitive deficit rats","volume":"128","author":"Garabadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.03.025","article-title":"GLP-1 agonists facilitate hippocampal LTP and reverse the impairment of LTP induced by beta-amyloid","volume":"587","author":"Gault","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00108","article-title":"In Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, 6-Month Treatment with GLP-1 Analog Prevents Decline of Brain Glucose Metabolism: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"8","author":"Gejl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.02.014","article-title":"Val(8)GLP-1 rescues synaptic plasticity and reduces dense core plaques in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"33","author":"Gengler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib32","article-title":"Membrane protein oxidation determines neuronal degeneration","volume":"133","author":"Hajieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.009","article-title":"Liraglutide protects against amyloid-\u03b2 protein-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory in rats","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-143090","article-title":"The GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide Improves Memory Function and Increases Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Numbers in a Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"46","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019S. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158205","article-title":"Long-Term Treatment with Liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist, Has No Effect on \u03b2-Amyloid Plaque Load in Two Transgenic APP\/PS1 Mouse Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.12.052","article-title":"The GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide reduces pathology-specific tau phosphorylation and improves motor function in a transgenic hTauP301L mouse model of tauopathy","volume":"1634","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2024.6","article-title":"A Cholecystokinin Analogue Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits and Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics via the AMPK\/Drp1 Pathway in APP\/PS1 Mice","volume":"11","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer'S. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3145-0","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue therapy directly modulates innate immune-mediated inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"57","author":"Hogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.549466","article-title":"Neuroprotective properties of GLP-1: theoretical and practical applications","volume":"27","author":"Holst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.11.002","article-title":"Liraglutide and a lipidized analog of prolactin-releasing peptide show neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of \u03b2-amyloid pathology","volume":"144","author":"Holubov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","article-title":"SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2870","article-title":"GSK3 signalling in neural development","volume":"11","author":"Hur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-012-9348-1","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Depression","volume":"23","author":"Hurley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.03.016","article-title":"Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, protects against amyloid-\u03b2 peptide-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory in rats","volume":"159","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-015-0588-y","article-title":"Inhibition of MAPK\/ERK signaling blocks hippocampal neurogenesis and impairs cognitive performance in prenatally infected neonatal rats","volume":"265","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110170","article-title":"A novel protective modality against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease: A pre-clinical study with dulaglutide","volume":"119","author":"Khalaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106550","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and neuroinflammation: Implications for neurodegenerative disease treatment","volume":"186","author":"Kopp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2017.22.1.15","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Pedia Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.04.004","article-title":"Bcl-2 increases stroke-induced striatal neurogenesis in adult brains by inhibiting BMP-4 function via activation of \u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"61","author":"Lei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.11.005","article-title":"Val8) glucagon-like peptide-1 prevents tau hyperphosphorylation, impairment of spatial learning and ultra-structural cellular damage induced by streptozotocin in rat brains","volume":"674","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06731.x","article-title":"Enhancing the GLP-1 receptor signaling pathway leads to proliferation and neuroprotection in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1314","article-title":"GLP-1 Receptor Stimulation Reduces Amyloid-\u03b2 Peptide Accumulation and Cytotoxicity in Cellular and Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019S. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31823b2728","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Dynamics Differ Between Alzheimer Disease Patients and Elderly Controls","volume":"26","author":"Llano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-012-8199-5","article-title":"The Diabetes Drug Liraglutide Ameliorates Aberrant Insulin Receptor Localisation and Signalling in Parallel with Decreasing Both Amyloid-\u03b2 Plaque and Glial Pathology in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Long-Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroMolecular Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib55","article-title":"Sex-divergent effects of hindbrain GLP-1-producing neuron activation in rats","volume":"17","author":"Lopez-Ferreras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orig. Res. Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000293","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, and lipid metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Lutz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib57","first-page":"7","article-title":"Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: what are they and which is better?","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13701","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2107-12.2012","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Cleavage Product GLP-1(9-36) Amide Rescues Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317520953041","article-title":"The Dual GLP-1\/GIP Receptor Agonist DA4-JC Shows Superior Protective Properties Compared to the GLP-1 Analogue Liraglutide in the APP\/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Maskery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer'S. Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.005","article-title":"Liraglutide can reverse memory impairment, synaptic loss and reduce plaque load in aged APP\/PS1 mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"76","author":"McClean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.07.015","article-title":"Lixisenatide, a drug developed to treat type 2 diabetes, shows neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"86","author":"McClean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0529-11.2011","article-title":"The Diabetes Drug Liraglutide Prevents Degenerative Processes in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"31","author":"McClean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.07.024","article-title":"Prophylactic liraglutide treatment prevents amyloid plaque deposition, chronic inflammation and memory impairment in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"293","author":"McClean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.09.021","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of GLP-1: Possible treatments for cognitive deficits in individuals with mood disorders","volume":"237","author":"McIntyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib65","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Agonists on Neurogenesis, Differentiation and Plasticity: Potential Mechanistically-Informed Therapeutics in the Treatment and Prevention of Mental Disorders","author":"McIntyre","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312323","article-title":"Trial of Lixisenatide in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"390","author":"Meissner","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205016666190913155950","article-title":"A Pilot Study of Exenatide Actions in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Mullins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.10.001","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and the Central\/Peripheral Nervous System: Crosstalk in Diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020860","article-title":"Liraglutide Has Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Amyloid Properties in Streptozotocin-Induced and 5xFAD Mouse Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Paladugu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10611","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 decreases endogenous amyloid-\u03b2 peptide (A\u03b2) levels and protects hippocampal neurons from death induced by A\u03b2 and iron","volume":"72","author":"Perry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4599","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134599","article-title":"Participation of Amyloid and Tau Protein in Neuronal Death and Neurodegeneration after Brain Ischemia","volume":"21","author":"Pluta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.04.052","article-title":"Subcutaneous administration of liraglutide ameliorates learning and memory impairment by modulating tau hyperphosphorylation via the glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 pathway in an amyloid \u03b2 protein induced alzheimer disease mouse model","volume":"783","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-1257-9","article-title":"Combination of Insulin with a GLP1 Agonist Is Associated with Better Memory and Normal Expression of Insulin Receptor Pathway Genes in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"67","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107132","article-title":"Anti-diabetic drug use and reduced risk of Parkinson's disease: A community-based cohort study","volume":"128","author":"Rozani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36693","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b12649","article-title":"Prolonged Drug-Releasing Fibers Attenuate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-like Pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Salles","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107813","article-title":"Neuroprotective and restorative properties of the GLP-1\/GIP dual agonist DA-JC1 compared with a GLP-1 single agonist in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"162","author":"Salles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102270","article-title":"Amyloid \u03b2, Tau, and \u03b1-Synuclein aggregates in the pathogenesis, prognosis, and therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"214","author":"Sengupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.04.018","article-title":"Topical ocular administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide arrests hyperphosphorylated tau-triggered diabetic retinal neurodegeneration via activation of GLP-1R\/Akt\/GSK3\u03b2 signaling","volume":"153","author":"Shu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib80","article-title":"Exendin-4 alleviates \u03b2-Amyloid peptide toxicity via DAF-16 in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orig. Res. Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib81","unstructured":"Study Quality Assessment Tools. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Accessed November 11, 2024. \u3008http:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools\u3009."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115938","article-title":"An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"23","author":"Teleanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12036","article-title":"Neuroprotective actions of Glucagon-like peptide-1 in differentiated human neuroprogenitor cells","volume":"123","author":"Velmurugan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"10479","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02808-3","article-title":"Exenatide once a week versus placebo as a potential disease-modifying treatment for people with Parkinson's disease in the UK: a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"405","author":"Vijiaratnam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0548-z","article-title":"Intranasal administration of Exendin-4 antagonizes A\u03b231\u201335-induced disruption of circadian rhythm and impairment of learning and memory","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.08.028","article-title":"Val8-glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against A\u03b21-40-induced impairment of hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation and spatial learning in rats","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.11.048","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists downregulate aberrant GnT-III expression in Alzheimer's disease models through the Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109716","article-title":"Semaglutide ameliorates cognition and glucose metabolism dysfunction in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via the GLP-1R\/SIRT1\/GLUT4 pathway","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114578","article-title":"GLP-1 improves the neuronal supportive ability of astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by regulating mitochondrial dysfunction via the cAMP\/PKA pathway","volume":"188","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-130584","article-title":"The Neuroprotection of Liraglutide on Alzheimer-Like Learning and Memory Impairment by Modulating the Hyperphosphorylation of Tau and Neurofilament Proteins and Insulin Signaling Pathways in Mice","volume":"37","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019S. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2024.171271","article-title":"Tirzepatide shows neuroprotective effects via regulating brain glucose metabolism in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"179","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043841","article-title":"Neurotransmitters in Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib93","first-page":"157","article-title":"Semaglutide is Neuroprotective and Reduces \u03b1-Synuclein Levels in the Chronic MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib94","article-title":"DA5-CH and Semaglutide Protect against Neurodegeneration and Reduce \u03b1-Synuclein Levels in the 6-OHDA Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rat Model","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Park. 'S. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.389361","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1\/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide dual receptor agonist DA-CH5 is superior to exendin-4 in protecting neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat Parkinson model","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111529","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs mitigate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease by suppressing NLRP2 activation in astrocytes","volume":"542","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib97","article-title":"A Dual GLP-1\/GIP Receptor Agonist Is More Effective than Liraglutide in the A53T Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2023","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Park. 'S. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.01.103","article-title":"Dulaglutide ameliorates STZ induced AD-like impairment of learning and memory ability by modulating hyperphosphorylation of tau and NFs through GSK3\u03b2","volume":"511","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763425001599?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763425001599?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:21:28Z","timestamp":1774516888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763425001599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["S0149763425001599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Amyloid, Tau, and \u03b1-Synuclein: Target Engagement and Rationale for the Development in Neurodegenerative Disorders","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106159","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106159"}}