{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:26:44Z","timestamp":1792027604738,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T22:34:58Z","timestamp":1753569298000},"page":"106300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of non-pharmacological interventions on vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) in individuals with depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"Zoey Yutong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy Rui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minxia","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian Hoyin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suk-yu","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waiming","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector Winghong","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14183","article-title":"The diving response and cardiac vagal activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Ackermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-37756","article-title":"Does acupuncture influence the cardiac autonomic nervous system in patients with minor depression or anxiety disorders?","volume":"71","author":"Agelink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fortschr. der Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib3","series-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression Across Three Age Cohorts","author":"American Psychiatry Association","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11349","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20f13681","article-title":"Mean difference, standardized mean difference (SMD), and their use in meta-analysis: as simple as it gets","volume":"81","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03962-8","article-title":"Effect of behavioral activation on time and frequency domain heart rate variability in older adults with subthreshold depression: a cluster randomized controlled trial in Thailand","volume":"22","author":"Ayudhaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5596\/c14-016","article-title":"Product review: covidence (systematic review software)","volume":"35","author":"Babineau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Can. Health Libr. Assoc. \/J. De. l\u2032Assoc. Des. Biblio \u00e8ques De. la St. \u00e9 du Can."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004","article-title":"Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology","volume":"98","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.48101\/ujms.v128.8949","article-title":"No effects on heart rate variability in depression after treatment with dorsomedial prefrontal intermittent theta burst stimulation","volume":"128","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Upsala J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026","article-title":"The LF\/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance","volume":"4","author":"Billman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119099369.ch27","article-title":"Comprehensive meta-analysis software","author":"Borenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Health Res. meta-Anal. Context"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.808442","article-title":"Impact of meditation\u2013based lifestyle modification on HRV in outpatients with mild to moderate depression: an exploratory study","volume":"13","author":"Bringmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-020-09477-w","article-title":"Comparing effectiveness of HRV-biofeedback and mindfulness for workplace stress reduction: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib13","first-page":"631","article-title":"The effects of mindfulness and meditation on vagally mediated heart rate variability: a meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.04.020","article-title":"Polarity-and valence-dependent effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on heart rate variability and salivary cortisol","volume":"38","author":"Brunoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10174028","article-title":"The acute effects of aerobic exercise on nocturnal and pre-sleep arousal in patients with unipolar depression: preplanned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Brupbacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.01.001","article-title":"Adding HRV biofeedback to psychotherapy increases heart rate variability and improves the treatment of major depressive disorder","volume":"131","author":"Caldwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib17","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Chandler","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152347","article-title":"Intervention methods for improving reduced heart rate variability in patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104123","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence of additional health benefits from forest exposure","volume":"212","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"issue":"21-22","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12972","article-title":"Breathing exercise combined with cognitive behavioural intervention improves sleep quality and heart rate variability in major depression","volume":"24","author":"Chien","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0135","article-title":"Effects of yoga on heart rate variability and depressive symptoms in women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.04.002","article-title":"Can non-pharmacological interventions prevent relapse in adults who have recovered from depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Clarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401510101","article-title":"The human cortex responds to an interoceptive challenge","volume":"101","author":"Critchley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib24","article-title":"A meta-analysis investigating the outcomes and correlation between heart rate variability biofeedback training on depressive symptoms and heart rate variability outcomes versus standard treatment in comorbid adult populations","volume":"94","author":"Donnelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Bio Med. Atenei Parm."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.54.4.961","article-title":"Human sinus arrhythmia as an index of vagal cardiac outflow","volume":"54","author":"Eckberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"7109","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517309082468","article-title":"Physical training, bradycardia, and autonomic nervous system","volume":"32","author":"Ekblom","year":"1973","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use","volume":"93","author":"Electrophysiology","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000447","article-title":"Does psychological treatment of major depression reduce cardiac risk biomarkers? An exploratory randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Euteneuer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800419877442","article-title":"Heart rate variability and risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200831100-00004","article-title":"Comparative risk for harms of second generation antidepressants: a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"31","author":"Gartlehner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00397","article-title":"Breath of life: the respiratory vagal stimulation model of contemplative activity","volume":"12","author":"Gerritsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.9.1025","article-title":"Heart rate variability in acute coronary syndrome patients with major depression: influence of sertraline and mood improvement","volume":"64","author":"Glassman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib34","article-title":"Relaxation or regulation: the acute effect of mind-body exercise on heart rate variability and subjective state in experienced qi gong practitioners","volume":"2021","author":"Goldbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305","article-title":"Cognition and depression: current status and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Gotlib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102832","article-title":"Adjunct yoga therapy: influence on heart rate variability in major depressive disorder-A randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Gulati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction\u2014GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.003","article-title":"Atypical reactivity of heart rate variability to stress and depression across development: systematic review of the literature and directions for future research","volume":"50","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2022.102905","article-title":"Acupuncture increases parasympathetic tone, modulating HRV\u2212 systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Hamvas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00735","article-title":"Heart rate variability as indicator of clinical state in depression","volume":"9","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09850-w","article-title":"Effect of antidepressants on death in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"issue":"7414","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22966","article-title":"The association of depression and anxiety with cardiac autonomic activity: the role of confounding effects of antidepressants","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib44","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global health data exchange platform. (Accessed 4 March 2023) - English."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.016","article-title":"Cardiovascular differences between sham and active iTBS related to treatment response in MDD","volume":"13","author":"Iseger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(94)90142-2","article-title":"Optimal frequency ranges for extracting information on autonomic activity from the heart rate spectrogram","volume":"46","author":"Jaffe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171600060X","article-title":"Heart rate variability and depressive symptoms: a cross-lagged analysis over a 10-year period in the Whitehall II study","volume":"46","author":"Jandackova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2015.12.003","article-title":"European Psychiatric Association Guidance on psychotherapy in chronic depression across Europe","volume":"33","author":"Jobst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000179581.68566.7d","article-title":"Slow breathing improves arterial baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in essential hypertension","volume":"46","author":"Joseph","year":"2005","journal-title":"hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.013","article-title":"Depression and resting state heart rate variability in children and adolescents\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Koenig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib51","article-title":"Defining and categorizing nonpharmacologic interventions in the older population: a systematic review","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00458","article-title":"Vagal tank theory: the three rs of cardiac vagal control functioning\u2013resting, reactivity, and recovery","volume":"12","author":"Laborde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104711","article-title":"Effects of voluntary slow breathing on heart rate and heart rate variability: a systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Laborde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12855","article-title":"Influence of physical post-exercise recovery techniques on vagally-mediated heart rate variability: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Laborde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-023-09582-6","article-title":"Methods for heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB): a systematic review and guidelines","volume":"48","author":"Lalanza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.02.003","article-title":"Acupuncture and heart rate variability: a systematic review","volume":"155","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00756","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work?","volume":"5","author":"Lehrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.12.1358","article-title":"Association between major depressive disorder and heart rate variability in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)","volume":"65","author":"Licht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.032","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence for unfavorable effects of antidepressants on heart rate variability","volume":"68","author":"Licht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05638-x","article-title":"Prediction of the efficacy of group cognitive behavioral therapy using heart rate variability based smart wearable devices: a randomized controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122771","article-title":"The effects of Tai Chi on heart rate variability in older chinese individuals with depression","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.001","article-title":"A meta-analysis of non-invasive brain stimulation and autonomic functioning: Implications for brain-heart pathways to cardiovascular disease","volume":"74","author":"Makovac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13932","article-title":"Heart rate-based indices to detect parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes. A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Manresa-Rocamora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106241","article-title":"Effects of light exposure on vagally-mediated heart rate variability: a systematic review","volume":"176","author":"Martins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0745-7","article-title":"Psychological and physiological effects of compassionate mind training: a pilot randomised controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Matos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263480","article-title":"Nurturing compassion in schools: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a Compassionate Mind Training program for teachers","volume":"17","author":"Matos","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib67","article-title":"The effectiveness of a neurofeedback-assisted mindfulness training program using a mobile app on stress reduction in employees: randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2013.11.3.137","article-title":"Comparative study of heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Moon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1676-5","article-title":"Effects of hyperthermic baths on depression, sleep and heart rate variability in patients with depressive disorder: a randomized clinical pilot trial","volume":"17","author":"Naumann","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.01.030","article-title":"The role of the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion regulation in females with major depressive disorder (MDD): a tDCS study","volume":"148","author":"Nejati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib71","first-page":"47","article-title":"The reasons for the success of non-pharmacological interventions","author":"Ninot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Non-Pharmacol. Interv. Essent. Answ. Curr. Demogr. Health Environ. Transit."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.12.012","article-title":"Ecologically valid cognitive tests and everyday functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder patients","volume":"125","author":"O'Shea","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.10.008","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback alters heart rate variability and default mode network connectivity in major depressive disorder: a preliminary study","volume":"158","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-017-9662-z","article-title":"Exercise therapy and autonomic function in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Pearson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86149-7","article-title":"A meta-analysis on heart rate variability biofeedback and depressive symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Pizzoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H151","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H151","article-title":"ak., Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis","volume":"248","author":"Pomeranz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","article-title":"The polyvagal perspective","volume":"74","author":"Porges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14604","article-title":"Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology-Part 1: physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement","volume":"61","author":"Quigley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676","article-title":"A default mode of brain function","volume":"98","author":"Raichle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib81","first-page":"231","article-title":"Parametric measures of effect size","volume":"621","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Handb. Res. Synth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib82","volume":"268","author":"Rowell","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.39.030177.001253","article-title":"Cardiovascular adaptations to physical training","volume":"39","author":"Scheuer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25062","article-title":"The effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on heart rate and heart rate variability: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Schmau\u00dfer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.09.022","article-title":"Sleep quality changes in chronically depressed patients treated with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy or the cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Schramm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-022-09565-z","article-title":"A pilot study of a three-session heart rate variability biofeedback intervention for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"48","author":"Schuman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.12.026","article-title":"Event-based control of autonomic and emotional states by the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"133","author":"Seamans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104576","article-title":"Heart rate variability and slow-paced breathing: when coherence meets resonance","volume":"135","author":"Sevoz-Couche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib89","first-page":"1040","article-title":"A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003","article-title":"The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022312815649","article-title":"The effects of specific respiratory rates on heart rate and heart rate variability","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib93","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104437","article-title":"Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on psychological outcomes among older people with frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv066","article-title":"Mindfulness meditation training alters stress-related amygdala resting state functional connectivity: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Taren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00738","article-title":"Implementing mobile HRV biofeedback as adjunctive therapy during inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation facilitates recovery of depressive symptoms and enhances autonomic functioning short-term: a 1-year pre\u2013post-intervention follow-up pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Tatschl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01260.x","article-title":"Antidepressant drugs and cardiovascular pathology: a clinical overview of effectiveness and safety","volume":"118","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9101-z","article-title":"Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health","volume":"37","author":"Thayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health","volume":"36","author":"Thayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00338-4","article-title":"A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation","volume":"61","author":"Thayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004","article-title":"Claude Bernard and the heart\u2013brain connection: further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration","volume":"33","author":"Thayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000495519","article-title":"Validity of commonly used heart rate variability markers of autonomic nervous system function","volume":"78","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.08.005","article-title":"Physical exercise for late-life depression: effects on heart rate variability","volume":"24","author":"Toni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.65.507","article-title":"Effect of tryptophan, vitamin b6, and nicotinamide-containing supplement loading between meals on mood and autonomic nervous system activity in young adults with subclinical depression: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study","volume":"65","author":"Tsujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.02.040","article-title":"High frequency heart-rate variability predicts adolescent depressive symptoms, particularly anhedonia, across one year","volume":"196","author":"Vazquez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17761\/2019-00036","article-title":"iRest meditation for older adults with depression symptoms: a pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Wahbeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Yoga Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.03.018","article-title":"Heart rate variability in generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and panic disorder: a network meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"330","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.271858","article-title":"Autonomic neural control of heart rate during dynamic exercise: revisited","volume":"592","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib109","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization). Suicide Prevention\u2013Overview, 2019."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13933","article-title":"Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.12.027","article-title":"Ventral medial prefrontal cortex and cardiovagal control in conscious humans","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1243213","article-title":"Heart rate variability status at rest in adult depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-018-0137-x","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of psychological treatment action in depression and anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110404","article-title":"Effects of mind\u2013body exercises (Tai Chi\/Yoga) on heart rate variability parameters and perceived stress: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014976342500301X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014976342500301X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1772783363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014976342500301X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S014976342500301X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of non-pharmacological interventions on vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) in individuals with depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106300","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106300"}}