{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:29:54Z","timestamp":1789028994858,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:19:49Z","timestamp":1769127589000},"page":"106571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effectiveness of cognitive interventions in healthy aging: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4185-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pegoraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Veronelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Frisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Brattico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Daini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2012.07.001","article-title":"Cognitive stimulation for dementia: a systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness from randomised controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Aguirre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642016dn11-010011","article-title":"Effects of a cognitive training program and sleep hygiene for executive functions and sleep quality in healthy elderly","volume":"11","author":"Almondes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17345","article-title":"Impact of dementia: health disparities, population trends, care interventions, and economic costs","volume":"69","author":"Aranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220223003e248775","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis: a practical step-by-step guide using R software and Rstudio","volume":"30","author":"Ariel De Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.1.2.172","article-title":"Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging-sensitive tests of fluid intelligence: replication and extension","volume":"1","author":"Baltes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.4.2.217","article-title":"Cognitive training research on fluid intelligence in old age: what can older adults achieve by themselves?","volume":"4","author":"Baltes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4328","article-title":"Protecting cognition from aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a computerized cognitive training combined with reminiscence therapy: protecting late-life cognition with a combined training","volume":"31","author":"Barban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7050050","article-title":"A pilot study on brain plasticity of functional connectivity modulated by cognitive training in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Barban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00516-4","article-title":"The World report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing","volume":"387","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00901.x","article-title":"Synthesizing standardized mean-change measures","volume":"41","author":"Becker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Math. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000081","article-title":"Multi-domain training enhances attentional control","volume":"31","author":"Binder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-30","article-title":"The effects of multi-domain versus single-domain cognitive training in non-demented older people: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176742","article-title":"The effect of cognitive-based training for the healthy older people: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18049-0","article-title":"Living longer but in poor health: healthcare system responses to ageing populations in industrialised countries based on the Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010443000074","article-title":"Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"14","author":"Clare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9785319","article-title":"Effects of systematic categorization training on cognitive performance in healthy older adults and in adults with traumatic brain injury","volume":"2019","author":"Constantinidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib17","series-title":"Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings","author":"Cook","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Defining disease modifying therapy for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","author":"Cummings","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alz. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1306","article-title":"Promoting successful cognitive aging: a comprehensive review","volume":"19","author":"Daffner","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70298-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a global challenge for the 21st century","volume":"8","author":"Dartigues","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.710958","article-title":"Multiple routes to help you roam: a comparison of training interventions to improve cognitive-motor dual-tasking in healthy older adults","volume":"14","author":"Downey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5484","article-title":"Cognitive training with modern board and card games in healthy older adults: two randomized controlled trials","volume":"36","author":"Estrada-Plana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.592261","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal functional connectivity predicts working memory training gains","volume":"13","author":"Faraza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz096","article-title":"Exploring the specificity, synergy, and durability of auditory and visual computer gameplay transfer effects in healthy older adults","volume":"75","author":"Faust","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3454835","article-title":"ERP and behavioral effects of physical and cognitive training on working memory in aging: a randomized controlled study","volume":"2018","author":"Gajewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.586963","article-title":"Multidomain cognitive training transfers to attentional and executive functions in healthy older adults","volume":"14","author":"Gajewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-024-00124-2","article-title":"A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis provide evidence for an effect of acute physical activity on cognition in young adults","volume":"2","author":"Garrett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251334795","article-title":"Cognitive training for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other forms of dementia: Insights from a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis","author":"Giaquinto","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00039","article-title":"Comparison of cognitive change after working memory training and logic and planning training in healthy older adults","volume":"9","author":"Goghari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2017.38","article-title":"Effects of cognitive training on cognitive performance of healthy older adults","volume":"20","author":"Golino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104807","article-title":"Cognitive stimulation and cognitive results in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"G\u00f3mez-Soria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101045","article-title":"Prevention of dementia in an ageing world: Evidence and biological rationale","volume":"64","author":"Grande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00069","article-title":"Limited effects of set shifting training in healthy older adults","volume":"9","author":"Gr\u00f6nholm-Nyman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.655245","article-title":"Different modulatory effects of cognitive training and aerobic exercise on resting state functional connectivity of entorhinal cortex in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x","article-title":"Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development: can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced?","volume":"9","author":"Hertzog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public. Interest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz090","article-title":"Investigating the effects of spacing on working memory training outcome: a randomized, controlled, multisite trial in older adults","volume":"75","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043758","article-title":"Causes and patterns of dementia: an update in the era of redefining Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"40","author":"James","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0284-5","article-title":"The effects of 12-week physical exercise tapping high-level cognitive functions","volume":"16","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.02.004","article-title":"The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.05.004","article-title":"Effects of multicomponent training of cognitive control on cognitive function and brain activation in older adults","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150378","article-title":"Strategies for improving memory: a randomized trial of memory groups for older people, including those with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"49","author":"Kinsella","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02482","article-title":"Let\u2019s play cards: multi-component cognitive training with social engagement enhances executive control in older adults","volume":"9","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001756","article-title":"Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers","volume":"11","author":"Lampit","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00014","article-title":"Cognitive training-induced short-term functional and long-term structural plastic change is related to gains in global cognition in healthy older adults: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Lampit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae075","article-title":"The effects of computerized cognitive training in older adults\u2019 cognitive performance and biomarkers of structural brain aging","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib46","article-title":"A brain-computer interface based cognitive training system for healthy elderly: a randomized control pilot study for usability and preliminary efficacy","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00155","article-title":"Environmental enrichment and successful aging","volume":"12","author":"Leon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v102.b02","article-title":"Doing Meta-Analysis with R - A Hands-On Guide","volume":"102","author":"Lortie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9119-9","article-title":"Aging, training, and the brain: a review and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Lustig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02868","article-title":"Cognitive, motor and social factors of music instrument training programs for older adults\u2019 improved wellbeing","volume":"10","author":"MacRitchie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt104","article-title":"Dementia prevention: current epidemiological evidence and future perspective","volume":"4","author":"Mangialasche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.103992","article-title":"Investigating associations between personality and the efficacy of interventions for cognitive ageing: a systematic review","volume":"87","author":"Marr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006220.pub2","article-title":"Cognition-based interventions for healthy older people and people with mild cognitive impairment","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"CDSR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2017.1422177","article-title":"Quaternary prevention: reviewing the concept: quaternary prevention aims to protect patients from medical harm","volume":"24","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.845825","article-title":"Does cognitive training improve mobility, enhance cognition, and promote neural activation?","volume":"14","author":"Marusic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2015.08.015","article-title":"Efficacy of a computerized cognitive training application on cognition and depressive symptomatology in a group of healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Mill\u00e1n-Calenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318227f821","article-title":"The memory fitness program: cognitive effects of a healthy aging intervention","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00084","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in dementia: implications for cognitive training","volume":"8","author":"Mondini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106291059","article-title":"Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.105","article-title":"Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated mea- sures and independent-groups designs","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9329-x","article-title":"Strategy-based cognitive training for improving executive functions in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Mowszowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100912","article-title":"Cognitive and neural plasticity in old age: a systematic review of evidence from executive functions cognitive training","volume":"53","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib65","article-title":"BDNF mediates improvement in cognitive performance after computerized cognitive training in healthy older adults","volume":"8","author":"Nicastri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Res. Clin. Inter."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Nichols","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01670","article-title":"The ERP effects of combined cognitive training on intention-based and stimulus-based actions in older Chinese adults","volume":"7","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/525901","article-title":"Effects of different types of cognitive training on cognitive function, brain structure, and driving safety in senior daily drivers: a pilot study","volume":"2015","author":"Nozawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003","article-title":"Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.10.008","article-title":"Immediate and delayed effects of cognitive interventions in healthy elderly: a review of current literature and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Papp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib72","first-page":"126","article-title":"Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of","volume":"90","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0917-z","article-title":"Defining cognitive reserve and implications for cognitive aging","volume":"19","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-021-09522-3","article-title":"Subjective cognitive decline: level of risk for future dementia and mild cognitive impairment, a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"32","author":"Pike","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111331","article-title":"A comparison of physical exercise and cognitive training interventions to improve determinants of functional mobility in healthy older adults","volume":"149","author":"Pothier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171037","article-title":"Aging without dementia is achievable: current evidence from epidemiological research","volume":"62","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib77","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing; R core team: Vienna","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023","journal-title":"Austria"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-1484-5","article-title":"Effects of simultaneous cognitive and aerobic exercise training on dual-task walking performance in healthy older adults: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Raichlen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.3.310.823","article-title":"The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity","volume":"20","author":"Randolph","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001316","article-title":"A practical guide to random-effects Bayesian meta-analyses with application to the psychological trauma and suicide literature","volume":"15","author":"Reis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma. Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2013.839777","article-title":"Executive process training in young and old adults","volume":"21","author":"Sandberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4198","article-title":"The main cost drivers in dementia: a systematic review: systematic review of COI studies in dementia focusing on care settings","volume":"30","author":"Schaller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.122","article-title":"A combination of physical activity and computerized brain training improves verbal memory and increases cerebral glucose metabolism in the elderly","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00008","article-title":"Does combined cognitive training and physical activity training enhance cognitive abilities more than either alone? A four-condition randomized controlled trial among healthy older adults","volume":"5","author":"Shatil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101472","article-title":"Novel television-based cognitive training improves working memory and executive function","volume":"9","author":"Shatil","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib86","article-title":"Disease-modifying treatments and their future in Alzheimer\u2019s disease management","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib87","first-page":"112","article-title":"Effects of a Group-Based 8-week multicomponent cognitive training on cognition, mood and activities of daily living among healthy older adults: a one-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Srisuwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2022.2105298","article-title":"Fostering cognitive performance in older adults with a process- and a strategy-based cognitive training","volume":"30","author":"Studer-Luethi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000342199","article-title":"Plasticity of verbal fluency in older adults: a 90-minute telephone-based intervention","volume":"59","author":"Sutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-1014-x","article-title":"A group study on the effects of a short multi-domain cognitive training in healthy elderly Italian people","volume":"18","author":"Tagliabue","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2008.03.002","article-title":"Cognitive training increases platelet PLA2 activity in healthy elderly subjects","volume":"78","author":"Talib","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580701322163","article-title":"Age and flexible thinking: an experimental demonstration of the beneficial effects of increased cognitively stimulating activity on fluid intelligence in healthy older adults","volume":"15","author":"Tranter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0527-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis of multiple outcomes: a multilevel approach","volume":"47","author":"Van Den Noortgate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00221","article-title":"Online games training aging brains: limited transfer to cognitive control functions","volume":"6","author":"Van Muijden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1767823","article-title":"Subjective impacts of computerized cognitive training for healthy older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"81","author":"da Mota Antunes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30977-6","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950\u20132019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2021.27","article-title":"Association of subjective cognitive decline with risk of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9374-8","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of computerized cognitive training on executive functions: a cross-disciplinary taxonomy for classifying outcome cognitive factors","volume":"28","author":"Webb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00247","article-title":"WOME: theory-based working memory training \u2014 a placebo-controlled, double-blind evaluation in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Weicker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib102","first-page":"1032","article-title":"The cognitive and cognitive-motor training contribution to the improvement of different aspects of executive functions in healthy adults aged 65 years and above\u2014a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Wi\u015bniowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22177","article-title":"Structural integrity of the corpus callosum predicts long-term transfer of fluid intelligence-related training gains in normal aging: callosal Integrity Predicts Training Transfer","volume":"35","author":"Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.23690","article-title":"Lifestyle enrichment in later life and its association with dementia risk","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180450","article-title":"Effectiveness of a personalized brain-computer interface system for cognitive training in healthy elderly: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Yeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020151","article-title":"Drug discovery and development targeting dementia","volume":"16","author":"Zag\u00f3rska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib107","first-page":"507","article-title":"Memory training effects in old age as markers of plasticity: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Zehnder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1177\/09636625231171677","article-title":"Older people\u2019s attitudes towards emerging technologies: a systematic literature review","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Underst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571_bib109","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cognitive training during midlife: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426000266?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426000266?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T06:34:56Z","timestamp":1773988496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763426000266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["S0149763426000266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effectiveness of cognitive interventions in healthy aging: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106571","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106571"}}