{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T06:28:28Z","timestamp":1793600908211,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43011826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43011826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T22:19:23Z","timestamp":1776637163000},"page":"106699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Neuromarkers of post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of positron emission tomography studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Shahab","family":"Lotfinia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Mayeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Eiliaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Quid\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4190","article-title":"The search for imaging biomarkers in psychiatric disorders","volume":"22","author":"Abi-Dargham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0840-4","article-title":"A Network-Based Neurobiological Model of PTSD: Evidence From Structural and Functional Neuroimaging Studies","volume":"19","author":"Akiki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.005","article-title":"Default mode network abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder: A novel network-restricted topology approach","volume":"176","author":"Akiki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30873","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/30873","article-title":"The role of the medial prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuit in stress effects on the extinction of fear","volume":"2007","author":"Akirav","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib5","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Stat. Man. Ment. Disord. (DSM-5\u00ae)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2014.10.002","article-title":"The Effects of Stress Exposure on Prefrontal Cortex: Translating Basic Research into Successful Treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"1","author":"Arnsten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s44277-024-00011-y","article-title":"Findings of PTSD-specific deficits in default mode network strength following a mild experimental stressor","volume":"2","author":"Averill","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPP Digit Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.017","article-title":"Alterations in large-scale functional networks in adult posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity studies","volume":"131","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib10","first-page":"120","article-title":"A High-Resolution In Vivo Atlas of the Human Brain's Serotonin System","volume":"37","author":"Beliveau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15930-5","article-title":"PTSD is associated with neuroimmune suppression: evidence from PET imaging and postmortem transcriptomic studies","volume":"11","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150452","article-title":"Imaging brain cortisol regulation in PTSD with a target for 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1","volume":"131","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.383","article-title":"No change in serotonin type 1A receptor binding in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"162","author":"Bonne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011","article-title":"The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease","volume":"1124","author":"Buckner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.01.039","article-title":"Threat learning: Avoiding danger in the first place","volume":"35","author":"Campos-Cardoso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01990-2","article-title":"Application of positron emission tomography in psychiatry-methodological developments and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Cervenka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2015.0379","article-title":"Interactions among the brain default-mode, salience, and central-executive networks during perceptual decision-making of moving dots","volume":"6","author":"Chand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"issue":"10194","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1","article-title":"New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"394","author":"Charlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2018.05.002","article-title":"Bottom-up and top-down modulation of multisensory integration","volume":"52","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2018.08.014","article-title":"Differential roles of the salience network during prediction error encoding and facial emotion processing among female adolescent assault victims","volume":"4","author":"Cisler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry cognitive neuroscience neuroimaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae116","article-title":"Characterizing brain tau and cognitive decline along the amyloid timeline in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"147","author":"Cody","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","article-title":"How do you feel--now? The anterior insula and human awareness","volume":"10","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0266-5","article-title":"Metabotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"326","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.180","article-title":"Overlapping expression of serotonin transporters andneurokinin-1 receptors in posttraumatic stress disorder: a multi-tracer PET study","volume":"21","author":"Frick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613504115","article-title":"636,120 Ways to Have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"8","author":"Galatzer-Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21204","article-title":"Frontal parietal control network regulates the anti-correlated default and dorsal attention networks","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002054","article-title":"Reduced GABAA benzodiazepine receptor binding in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Geuze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0135058100","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis","volume":"100","author":"Greicius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-2-9","article-title":"Quantitative meta-analysis of neural activity in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"2","author":"Hayes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Mood Anxiety Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02558-w","article-title":"Neuroimaging of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults and youth: progress over the last decade on three leading questions of the field","volume":"29","author":"Hinojosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701749114","article-title":"Altered metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 markers in PTSD: In vivo and postmortem evidence","volume":"114","author":"Holmes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.11.003","article-title":"Large-scale network balances in the transition from adaptive to maladaptive stress responses","volume":"14","author":"Homberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1281401","article-title":"The neural circuits and molecular mechanisms underlying fear dysregulation in posttraumatic stress disorder [Review]","volume":"17","author":"Iqbal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00128-X","article-title":"The complex pathway between amyloid \u03b2 and cognition: implications for therapy","volume":"22","author":"Jagust","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51727-3","article-title":"Diverging roles of the anterior insula in trauma-exposed individuals vulnerable or resilient to posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"9","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"sup5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383","article-title":"Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"8","author":"Kessler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.08.007","article-title":"Resting cerebral glucose metabolism and perfusion patterns in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to sexual assault","volume":"201","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17093","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202087109","article-title":"Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction","volume":"109","author":"Knapska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"47","author":"Koenen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26929","article-title":"MRI findings in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"52","author":"Kunimatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.27313","article-title":"Restoring large-scale brain networks in PTSD and related disorders: a proposal for neuroscientifically-informed treatment interventions","volume":"6","author":"Lanius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.27313","article-title":"Restoring large-scale brain networks in PTSD and related disorders: a proposal for neuroscientifically-informed treatment interventions","volume":"6","author":"Lanius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1807703","article-title":"The sense of self in the aftermath of trauma: lessons from the default mode network in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Lanius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.09.039","article-title":"Context Processing and the Neurobiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"92","author":"Liberzon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3292","article-title":"Functional brain changes after alternative pharmacological interventions in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Lotfinia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.02.001","article-title":"The effects of chronic stress on the human brain: From neurotoxicity, to vulnerability, to opportunity","volume":"49","author":"Lupien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3492","article-title":"The contextual brain: implications for fear conditioning, extinction and psychopathology","volume":"14","author":"Maren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.14111460","article-title":"Association of Resting Metabolism in the Fear Neural Network With Extinction Recall Activations and Clinical Measures in Trauma-Exposed Individuals","volume":"173","author":"Marin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.08.003","article-title":"Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model","volume":"15","author":"Menon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.01.005","article-title":"Diagnostic Biomarkers for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Promising Horizons from Translational Neuroscience Research","volume":"78","author":"Michopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.146","article-title":"Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond","volume":"42","author":"Michopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00055","article-title":"The ecology of human fear: survival optimization and the nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Mobbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.016","article-title":"Amyloid pathology fingerprint differentiates post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4241-7","article-title":"Tauopathy in veterans with long-term posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury","volume":"46","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med Mol. Imaging"},{"issue":"2 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3109\/15622970701472094","article-title":"Basal cerebral glucose distribution in long-term post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Molina","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.07.003","article-title":"Reduced amygdala serotonin transporter binding in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"70","author":"Murrough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.91","article-title":"The effect of early trauma exposure on serotonin type 1B receptor expression revealed by reduced selective radioligand binding","volume":"68","author":"Murrough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.02.017","article-title":"Decreased nociceptin receptors are related to resilience and recovery in college women who have experienced sexual violence: therapeutic implications for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"85","author":"Narendran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81454-7","article-title":"The role of dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the processing of emotional dimensions","volume":"11","author":"Nejati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.775762","article-title":"Poor Separation of Clinical Symptom Profiles by DSM-5 Disorder Criteria [Original Research]","volume":"12","author":"Newson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01707-9","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"56","author":"Nievergelt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.147","article-title":"An 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) polymorphism explains differences in binding affinity of the PET radioligand PBR28","volume":"32","author":"Owen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00309-0","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"2","author":"Passos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2014.03.005","article-title":"Understanding brain networks and brain organization","volume":"11","author":"Pessoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. life Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070234","article-title":"Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala","volume":"57","author":"Phelps","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3339","article-title":"Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Pitman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.09.004","article-title":"Differences between effects of psychological versus pharmacological treatments on functional and morphological brain alterations in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Quid\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv102","article-title":"Regional cerebral glucose metabolism differentiates danger- and non-danger-based traumas in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Ramage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.004","article-title":"Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research--past, present, and future","volume":"60","author":"Rauch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12070999","article-title":"DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses","volume":"170","author":"Regier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0257-9","article-title":"Altered cerebral benzodiazepine receptor binding in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"8","author":"Reuveni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858403259955","article-title":"The amygdala, the hippocampus, and emotional modulation of memory","volume":"10","author":"Richter-Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.12.005","article-title":"Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no single limbic system","volume":"62","author":"Rolls","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058150","article-title":"search of the trauma memory: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of symptom provocation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"8","author":"Sartory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.83","article-title":"The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders","volume":"35","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.138","article-title":"Resting metabolic activity in the cingulate cortex and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"66","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.05.010","article-title":"Anticipatory processes in brain state switching\u2014Evidence from a novel cued-switching task implicating default mode and salience networks","volume":"98","author":"Sidlauskaite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800005105","article-title":"A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks","volume":"105","author":"Sridharan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22019","article-title":"Higher in vivo serotonin-1a binding in posttraumatic stress disorder: a PET study with [11C]WAY-100635","volume":"30","author":"Sullivan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1630","article-title":"Metabotropic glutamate receptors as novel targets for anxiety and stress disorders","volume":"4","author":"Swanson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081197","article-title":"The Role of Serotonin in Fear Learning and Memory: A Systematic Review of Human Studies","volume":"13","author":"Tortora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20150058","article-title":"The methodology of TSPO imaging with positron emission tomography","volume":"43","author":"Turkheimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3857","article-title":"Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Uddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib86","series-title":"Salience network of the human brain","author":"Uddin","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20531","article-title":"Functional connectivity of default mode network components: correlation, anticorrelation, and causality","volume":"30","author":"Uddin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.02.894","article-title":"Amygdala Hyperactivity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Disentangling Predisposing From Consequential Factors Using a Prospective Longitudinal Design","author":"de Voogd","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31327-y","article-title":"Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Watling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib90","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., & Tugwell, P. (2000). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4478","article-title":"Building better biomarkers: brain models in translational neuroimaging","volume":"20","author":"Woo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib92","series-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.08.010","article-title":"Functional and structural brain abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder: A multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"155","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.028","article-title":"Developing an agenda for translational studies of resilience and vulnerability following trauma exposure","volume":"1071","author":"Yehuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426001569?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426001569?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T05:48:30Z","timestamp":1793598510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763426001569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S0149763426001569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuromarkers of post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of positron emission tomography studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106699","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106699"}}