{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1790258591702,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/GNT200985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/GNT200985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:53:46Z","timestamp":1786722826000},"page":"106911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Subacute and long-term changes in cognitive functioning after administration of classic psychedelics, MDMA and ketamine: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart J.","family":"Cooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilith","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Hurzeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavan P.","family":"McNally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Haber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten C.","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119897615","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer","volume":"34","author":"Agin-Liebes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106132","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and psychedelics: A comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models","volume":"172","author":"Agnorelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.066","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of repeated ketamine infusions in comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder","volume":"308","author":"Albott","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.08.003","article-title":"Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics","volume":"42","author":"Aleksandrova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114058","article-title":"Neurocognitive aspects of ketamine and esketamine on subjects with treatment-resistant depression: A comparative, randomized and double-blind study","volume":"303","author":"Ara\u00fajo-de-Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59282-y","article-title":"Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin","volume":"10","author":"Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65391-9","article-title":"Cognitive functioning associated with acute and subacute effects of classic psychedelics and MDMA - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Basedow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.01.002","article-title":"Antidepressant and neurocognitive effects of serial ketamine administration versus ECT in depressed patients","volume":"123","author":"Basso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231179801","article-title":"Psilocybin\u2019s effects on cognition and creativity: A scoping review","volume":"37","author":"Bonnieux","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials","author":"Brett","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs 0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib11","first-page":"852","article-title":"A reversible model of the cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia in monkeys: Potential therapeutic effects of two nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists","volume":"78","author":"Buccafusco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol. Nicotinic Receptor-Based Therapeutics Emerging Frontiers Basic Research & Clinical Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2023.05.008","article-title":"Psychedelics in the treatment of eating disorders: Rationale and potential mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Calder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00692","article-title":"Chronic, Intermittent Microdoses of the Psychedelic N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Produce Positive Effects on Mood and Anxiety in Rodents","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13282-7","article-title":"Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: fMRI-measured brain mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","article-title":"Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression","volume":"384","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.033","article-title":"Cognitive function of patients with treatment-resistant depression after a single low dose of ketamine infusion","volume":"241","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01221-z","article-title":"Working memory associated with anti-suicidal ideation effect of repeated-dose intravenous ketamine in depressed patients","volume":"271","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02575-9","article-title":"Psilocybin restrains activity-based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility: contributions from 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Conn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113894","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of MDMA: Main effects and mechanisms","volume":"347","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12229","article-title":"The impact of cognitive impairment and impulsivity on relapse of alcohol-dependent patients: implications for psychotherapeutic treatment","volume":"21","author":"Czapla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12779-5","article-title":"Short term changes in the proteome of human cerebral organoids induced by 5-MeO-DMT","volume":"7","author":"Dakic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01327-5","article-title":"Acute cognitive effects of single-dose intravenous ketamine in major depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00637","article-title":"Shared and Distinct Brain Regions Targeted for Immediate Early Gene Expression by Ketamine and Psilocybin","volume":"14","author":"Davoudian","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01234","article-title":"Modulation of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by a Single Dose of Ayahuasca: Observation From a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"de Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020705118","article-title":"Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission","volume":"118","author":"De Gregorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109836","article-title":"Prolonged epigenomic and synaptic plasticity alterations following single exposure to a psychedelic in mice","volume":"37","author":"de la Fuente Revenga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13143","article-title":"Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose\u2013response study","volume":"27","author":"de Wit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive Functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01706-y","article-title":"Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Doss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S360733","article-title":"Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy: A Systematic Narrative Review of the Literature","volume":"15","author":"Drozdz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pain. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000196","article-title":"Transdiagnostic Neurocognitive Deficits in Psychiatry: A Review of Meta-Analyses","volume":"61","author":"East-Richard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.02.061","article-title":"Increased sensitivity to psychomotor effects of ketamine enantiomers in the Wistar-Kyoto depression model","volume":"184","author":"Elersi\u010d","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0095","article-title":"Psilocybin-assisted neurofeedback for the improvement of executive functions: a randomized semi-naturalistic-lab feasibility study","volume":"379","author":"Enriquez-Geppert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253231172254","article-title":"The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon: a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics","volume":"13","author":"Evens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.06.008","article-title":"The Effect of Cognitive Functioning on Treatment Attendance and Adherence in Comorbid Bipolar Disorder and Cocaine Dependence","volume":"49","author":"Fagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05417-7","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy older volunteers","volume":"237","author":"Family","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03103-7","article-title":"Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behaviour in rats","volume":"14","author":"Fisher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01132-0","article-title":"The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function","volume":"47","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00943","article-title":"Therapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"10","author":"Fuentes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2013.05.001","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and neural mechanisms of executive function","volume":"107","author":"Funahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol. -Paris. Spec. Issue Prefrontal cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118760660","article-title":"Repeated intranasal ketamine for treatment-resistant depression \u2013 the way to go? Results from a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"G\u00e1lvez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000389X","article-title":"Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-015-0068-9","article-title":"The role of cognitive dysfunction in the symptoms and remission from depression","volume":"14","author":"Gonda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.108","article-title":"Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression: Impact on patient-reported depression severity, anxiety, function, and quality of life","volume":"327","author":"Goodwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.108965","article-title":"Effects of subanesthetic ketamine and (2R,6R) hydroxynorketamine on working memory and synaptic transmission in the nucleus reuniens in mice","volume":"208","author":"Goswamee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852923002237","article-title":"Impaired cognitive flexibility across psychiatric disorders","volume":"28","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00797-3","article-title":"Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the effects of rapid acting antidepressants on decision-making biases in rodents","volume":"45","author":"Hales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3371272","article-title":"Change in Negative Affective Bias following a Single Ketamine Treatment for Treatment-Resistant Depression","volume":"2023","author":"Harvey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12301","article-title":"Shifting as a key executive function underlying cognitive restructuring for individuals with elevated social anxiety","volume":"94","author":"Holder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","article-title":"SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00672","article-title":"Self-Rated Effectiveness of Microdosing With Psychedelics for Mental and Physical Health Problems Among Microdosers","volume":"10","author":"Hutten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3957-3","article-title":"Antidepressant-like cognitive and behavioral effects of acute ketamine administration associated with plasticity in the ventral hippocampus to medial prefrontal cortex pathway","volume":"232","author":"Jett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112509","article-title":"Overinhibition mediated by parvalbumin interneurons might contribute to depression-like behavior and working memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide challenge","volume":"383","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.04.005","article-title":"The influence of cognitive flexibility on treatment outcome and cognitive restructuring skill acquisition during cognitive behavioural treatment for anxiety and depression in older adults: Results of a pilot study","volume":"57","author":"Johnco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111565","article-title":"Cognitive outcomes following psilocybin-assisted therapy in treatment-resistant depression: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized, waitlist-controlled trial","volume":"143","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m13921","article-title":"Effects of Ketamine Versus Midazolam on Neurocognition at 24 h in Depressed Patients With Suicidal Ideation","volume":"82","author":"Keilp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.53","article-title":"Ketamine and psychotherapy for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Kew","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJPsych Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib58","first-page":"169","article-title":"Relationship of cognitive function and the acquisition of coping skills in computer assisted treatment for substance use disorders","volume":"114","author":"Kiluk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug. Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2383-4","article-title":"A direct comparison of the behavioral and physiological effects of methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans","volume":"219","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2102-6","article-title":"The effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on attentional set-shifting task performance in mice","volume":"214","author":"Kos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106788","article-title":"Psychedelics do not always enhance cognitive flexibility: The potential role of time-varying effects on reward learning processes","volume":"188","author":"Kosted","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.25m15781","article-title":"Comparing the Cognitive Effects of Repeated Intravenous Ketamine and Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Secondary Analysis of the ELEKT-D Trial","volume":"86","author":"Kumpf","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01177-4","article-title":"The neural basis of psychedelic action","volume":"25","author":"Kwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.012","article-title":"Repeated intravenous infusions of ketamine: Neurocognition in patients with anxious and nonanxious treatment-resistant depression","volume":"259","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102792","article-title":"Ketamine\u2019s modulation of cerebro-cerebellar circuitry during response inhibition in major depression","volume":"32","author":"Loureiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.022","article-title":"Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Ly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00065","article-title":"Transient Stimulation with Psychoplastogens Is Sufficient to Initiate Neuronal Growth","volume":"4","author":"Ly","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114568040","article-title":"Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: When and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences?","volume":"29","author":"Maji\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.052","article-title":"Cognitive outcomes from the randomised, active-controlled Ketamine for Adult Depression Study (KADS)","volume":"352","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.04.022","article-title":"A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function","volume":"119","author":"McDermott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.599588","article-title":"The Antidepressant-Like Effects of a Clinically Relevant Dose of Ketamine Are Accompanied by Biphasic Alterations in Working Memory in the Wistar Kyoto Rat Model of Depression","volume":"11","author":"McDonnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","volume":"12","author":"McGuinness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113993","article-title":"The effect of intravenous ketamine on cognitive functions in adults with treatment-resistant major depressive or bipolar disorders: Results from the Canadian rapid treatment center of excellence (CRTCE)","volume":"302","author":"McIntyre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16040400","article-title":"Identification of Common Neural Circuit Disruptions in Cognitive Control Across Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"174","author":"McTeague","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13778","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trials of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"151","author":"Menon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119895520","article-title":"Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"34","author":"Mertens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13741","article-title":"Impact of psilocybin on cognitive function: A systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Meshkat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12099","article-title":"Ketamine Pharmacology: An Update (Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Aspects, Recent Findings)","volume":"19","author":"Mion","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110378371","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of \u00b13,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Mithoefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8078","article-title":"Sustained rescue of prefrontal circuit dysfunction by antidepressant-induced spine formation","volume":"364","author":"Moda-Sava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.12.001","article-title":"Executive skills in older adults with GAD: Relations with clinical variables and CBT outcome","volume":"27","author":"Mohlman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.03.007","article-title":"The role of executive functioning in CBT: a pilot study with anxious older adults","volume":"43","author":"Mohlman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib83","first-page":"298","article-title":"Ketamine impairs response inhibition and is positively reinforcing in healthy volunteers: a dose\u2013response study","volume":"172","author":"Morgan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae046","article-title":"Effect of Esketamine Nasal Spray on Cognition in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression: Results From Four Phase 3 Studies","volume":"27","author":"Morrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.788155","article-title":"Therapeutic Alliance and Rapport Modulate Responses to Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib86","first-page":"511","article-title":"Acute Mood-Elevating Properties of Microdosed Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Volunteers: A Home-Administered Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"94","author":"Murphy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Neural Codes Depress Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.298","article-title":"Neurocognitive Effects of Ketamine and Association with Antidepressant Response in Individuals with Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"40","author":"Murrough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib88","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health, 2021. Study Quality Assessment Tools | NHLBI, NIH [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools (accessed 10.15.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06514-4","article-title":"Ketamine produces no detectable long-term positive or negative effects on cognitive flexibility or reinforcement learning of male rats","volume":"241","author":"Nist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87529.3","article-title":"Therapeutic doses of ketamine acutely attenuate the aversive effect of losses during decision-making","volume":"12","author":"Oemisch","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2022.11.013","article-title":"Intravenous Ketamine for Late-Life Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Pilot Study of Tolerability, Safety, Clinical Benefits, and Effect on Cognition","volume":"31","author":"Oughli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52967-8","article-title":"Psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder: an fMRI pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Pagni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0017816000027577","article-title":"The Psychedelic Mystical Experience in the Human Encounter with Death","volume":"62","author":"Pahnke","year":"1969","journal-title":"Harv. Theol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1970.03170240060010","article-title":"The experimental use of psychedelic (LSD) psychotherapy","volume":"212","author":"Pahnke","year":"1970","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy080","article-title":"Ketamine Corrects a Deficit in Reversal Learning Caused by Chronic Intermittent Cold Stress in Female Rats","volume":"21","author":"Paredes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2022.100468","article-title":"Adjunct treatment with ketamine enhances the therapeutic effects of extinction learning after chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"19","author":"Paredes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x","article-title":"The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Passie","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.236","article-title":"Ketamine Corrects Stress-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction through JAK2\/STAT3 Signaling in the Orbitofrontal Cortex","volume":"42","author":"Patton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2025.152619","article-title":"Single-dose (10 mg) psilocybin reduces symptoms in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pharmacological challenge study","volume":"142","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib101","first-page":"78","article-title":"Single ketamine infusion and neurocognitive performance in bipolar depression","volume":"48","author":"Permoda-Osip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac045","article-title":"Assessment of Objective and Subjective Cognitive Function in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression Undergoing Repeated Ketamine Infusions","volume":"25","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106493","article-title":"Effects of psychedelic microdosing on cognitive functions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Pinhas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104706","article-title":"The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955\u20132021) and recommendations for the field","volume":"139","author":"Polito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06474-9","article-title":"Effects of psilocybin, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist TCB-2, and the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 on visual attention in male mice in the continuous performance test","volume":"242","author":"Rahbarnia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020835","article-title":"A Single Dose of Psilocybin Increases Synaptic Density and Decreases 5-HT2A Receptor Density in the Pig Brain","volume":"22","author":"Raval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.760671","article-title":"A Phase 1, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess Safety and Psychoactive Effects of a Vaporized 5-Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine Formulation (GH001) in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Reckweg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675512","article-title":"Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211064720","article-title":"The effects of psilocybin on cognitive and emotional functions in healthy participants: Results from a phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled trial involving simultaneous psilocybin administration and preparation","volume":"36","author":"Rucker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4497-1","article-title":"Ketamine decreases sensitivity of male rats to misleading negative feedback in a probabilistic reversal-learning task","volume":"234","author":"Rychlik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00947-7","article-title":"Modulation of inhibitory control networks relate to clinical response following ketamine therapy in major depression","volume":"10","author":"Sahib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib112","article-title":"Cognitive control as a transdiagnostic mechanism of action in psychedelic effects","author":"Sayal\u0131","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.008","article-title":"Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2023.2190319","article-title":"Psychedelic Treatments for Substance Use Disorder and Substance Misuse: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review","volume":"55","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2174\/138920010794233495","article-title":"Psychedelic 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Drug Interactions, and Pharmacological Actions","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714001011","article-title":"Neurocognitive performance and serial intravenous subanesthetic ketamine in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"17","author":"Shiroma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.058","article-title":"Neurocognitive performance of repeated versus single intravenous subanesthetic ketamine in treatment resistant depression","volume":"277","author":"Shiroma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.019","article-title":"Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders","volume":"139","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07624-5","article-title":"Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain","volume":"632","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115829","article-title":"Change in neurocognitive functioning in patients with treatment-resistant depression with serial intravenous ketamine infusions: The Bio-K multicenter trial","volume":"335","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020173","article-title":"Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes of Esketamine Nasal Spray in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Preliminary Report","volume":"18","author":"Sobreiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105570","article-title":"Who are you after psychedelics? A systematic review and a meta-analysis of the magnitude of long-term effects of serotonergic psychedelics on cognition\/creativity, emotional processing and personality","volume":"158","author":"Solaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002667","article-title":"Increased Reactivity of the Mesolimbic Reward System after Ketamine Injection in Patients with Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"130","author":"Sterpenich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2532-9","article-title":"The acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and d-methamphetamine on human cognitive functioning","volume":"220","author":"Stough","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15302","article-title":"Predicting alcohol relapse post-detoxification: The role of cognitive impairments in alcohol use disorder patients","volume":"48","author":"Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24532","article-title":"Rigid Minds: The Role of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"58","author":"Touzeau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00428-w","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations","volume":"22","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030248","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Psychedelics in Healthy Populations: Implications for Depressive Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"14","author":"Velit-Salazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107083639","article-title":"MDMA-induced impairment in primates: antagonism by a selective norepinephrine or serotonin, but not by a dopamine\/norepinephrine transport inhibitor","volume":"22","author":"Verrico","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19m12891","article-title":"Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus Oral Antidepressant in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression: Assessment of Long-Term Safety in a Phase 3, Open-Label Study (SUSTAIN-2)","volume":"81","author":"Wajs","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib133","series-title":"The Sage Handbook of Addiction Psychology","first-page":"555","article-title":"Psychedelic Therapy in the Treatment of Addiction","author":"Watt","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.01.114","article-title":"LSD, afterglow and hangover: Increased episodic memory and verbal fluency, decreased cognitive flexibility","volume":"58","author":"Wie\u00dfner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000457960","article-title":"Cognitive Behavior Therapy May Sustain Antidepressant Effects of Intravenous Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression","volume":"86","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00229","article-title":"Effect of Ketamine on LTP and NMDAR EPSC in hippocampus of the chronic social defeat stress mice model of depression","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.04.015","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of subanesthetic serial ketamine infusions in treatment resistant depression","volume":"333","author":"Zavaliangos-Petropulu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.005","article-title":"Neurocognitive performance and repeated-dose intravenous ketamine in major depressive disorder","volume":"246","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10208","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of six ketamine infusions and the association with antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a preliminary study","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10989","article-title":"Plasma BDNF concentrations and the antidepressant effects of six ketamine infusions in unipolar and bipolar depression","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118798614","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of six ketamine infusions and the association with antidepressant response in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.10.037","article-title":"The potential pro-cognitive effects with intravenous subanesthetic ketamine in adults with treatment-resistant major depressive or bipolar disorders and suicidality","volume":"144","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib143","article-title":"Cognitive Function Mediates the Anti-suicide Effect of Repeated Intravenous Ketamine in Adult Patients With Suicidal Ideation","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.02.032","article-title":"The effectiveness of repeated intravenous ketamine on subjective and objective psychosocial function in patients with treatment-resistant depression and suicidal ideation","volume":"304","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426003684?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426003684?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:33:33Z","timestamp":1790256813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763426003684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":144,"alternative-id":["S0149763426003684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Subacute and long-term changes in cognitive functioning after administration of classic psychedelics, MDMA and ketamine: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106911","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106911"}}