{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:06:08Z","timestamp":1790258768597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":745,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Proc. No. 4072233\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Proc. No. 4072233\/2023-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Edital Universal 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Edital Universal 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005765","name":"Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04138\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04138\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:27:48Z","timestamp":1787786868000},"page":"106922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Title: Gene expression, neuroinflammation, and neural plasticity in type 2 diabetes: Translational insights from exercise and cognitive modulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Cristovam Guerreiro","family":"Diniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1li Valim Oliver","family":"Bento-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel Ramos","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nara Gyzely de","family":"Morais Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro Andr\u00e9 Damasceno de","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Douglas Corr\u00eaa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josilayne Patr\u00edcia Ramos","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Mileo","family":"Magno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bento-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia Consentino Kronka","family":"Sosthenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Guerreiro","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Clive","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Brites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristovam Wanderley","family":"Pican\u00e7o Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(10)70343-1","article-title":"Metformin has adenosine-monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)-independent effects on LPS-stimulated rat primary microglial cultures","volume":"62","author":"\u0141abuzek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(10)70357-1","article-title":"Quantification of metformin by the HPLC method in brain regions, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of rats treated with lipopolysaccharide","volume":"62","author":"\u0141abuzek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12585","article-title":"Metformin induces PGC-1\u03b1 expression and selectively affects hepatic PGC-1\u03b1 functions","volume":"171","author":"Aatsinki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-021-00417-y","article-title":"Metformin therapy attenuates pro-inflammatory microglia by inhibiting NF-\u03baB in cuprizone demyelinating mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Abdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-024-01422-8","article-title":"Metformin effectively alleviates the symptoms of Alzheimer in rats by lowering amyloid \u03b2 deposition and enhancing the insulin signal","volume":"40","author":"Abosharaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051075","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 is a master regulator of mitochondrial lifecycle and ROS Stress Response","volume":"12","author":"Abu Shelbayeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2023.105592","article-title":"Disruption of histone acetylation homeostasis triggers cognitive dysfunction in experimental diabetes","volume":"170","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"11-12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2011.09.005","article-title":"Short bouts of mild-intensity physical exercise improve spatial learning and memory in aging rats: involvement of hippocampal plasticity via AKT, CREB and BDNF signaling","volume":"132","author":"Aguiar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Aging Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-2","article-title":"Efficacy of interventions that include diet, aerobic and resistance training components for type 2 diabetes prevention: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Aguiar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.16","article-title":"The effects of dual-task training on cognitive and physical functions in older adults with cognitive impairment; a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111662","article-title":"Metformin and insulin-resistant related diseases: emphasis on the role of microRNAs","volume":"139","author":"Alimoradi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0516-4","article-title":"Exercise as a positive modulator of brain function","volume":"55","author":"Alkadhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15835","article-title":"Impaired spatial navigation and age-dependent hippocampal synaptic dysfunction are associated with chronic inflammatory response in db\/db mice","volume":"56","author":"Al-Onaizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.67804","article-title":"ERK1\/2 activation is necessary for BDNF to increase dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons","volume":"11","author":"Alonso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030455","article-title":"White Matter Microstructural Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes: A Combined UK biobank study of diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging","volume":"61","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0588-x","article-title":"Protection by DHA of early hippocampal changes in diabetes: possible role of CREB and NF-\u03baB","volume":"37","author":"Alvarez-N\u00f6lting","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20945-7","article-title":"Metformin alleviates neurocognitive impairment in aging via activation of AMPK\/BDNF\/PI3K pathway","volume":"12","author":"Ameen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1021\/bi992302n","article-title":"Action of quinolones against Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV: basis for DNA cleavage enhancement","volume":"39","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00094","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on autophagy and apoptosis in aged brain: human and animal studies","volume":"7","author":"Andreotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12538","article-title":"Function of the SIRT3 mitochondrial deacetylase in cellular physiology, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"16","author":"Ansari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14969","article-title":"The effects of microglia-and astrocyte-derived factors on neurogenesis in health and disease","volume":"54","author":"Araki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.03.011","article-title":"High fat diet produces brain insulin resistance, synaptodendritic abnormalities and altered behavior in mice","volume":"67","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.226894","article-title":"Molecular Interplay between microRNA-34a and Sirtuin1 in Hyperglycemia-Mediated Impaired Angiogenesis in Endothelial Cells: Effects of Metformin","volume":"356","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.12.020","article-title":"GLUT4 Mobilization Supports Energetic Demands of Active Synapses","volume":"93","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal","volume":"2014","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-04942-1","article-title":"Effects of dual-task resistance exercise on cognition, mood, depression, functional fitness, and activities of daily living in older adults with cognitive impairment: a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.054","article-title":"Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP","volume":"132","author":"Baggio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05935-5","article-title":"Vascular nitric oxide resistance in type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Bahadoran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100768","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010293","article-title":"Proangiogenic Effect of Metformin in Endothelial Cells Is via Upregulation of VEGFR1\/2 and Their Signaling under Hyperglycemia-Hypoxia","volume":"19","author":"Bakhashab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509355070","article-title":"Optic neuritis incidence is increased in spring months in patients with asymptomatic demyelinating lesions","volume":"16","author":"Balashov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.696428","article-title":"DNA Methylation of PGC-1\u03b1 Is Associated With Elevated mtDNA Copy Number and Altered Urinary Metabolites in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Bam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200325110014","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier interface in diabetes mellitus: dysfunctions, mechanisms and approaches to treatment","volume":"26","author":"Banks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2010.01.006","article-title":"Influence of different estrogens on neuroplasticity and cognition in the hippocampus","volume":"1800","author":"Barha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.874007","article-title":"Neurovascular Coupling in Type 2 diabetes with cognitive decline. a narrative review of neuroimaging findings and their pathophysiological implications","volume":"13","author":"Barloese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1815","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0633","article-title":"Cross-species neuroscience: closing the explanatory gap","volume":"376","author":"Barron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.22103","article-title":"Can the effects of environmental enrichment modulate BDNF expression in hippocampal plasticity? A systematic review of animal studies","volume":"73","author":"Barros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23914-y","article-title":"Redox-sensitive miRNAs and Humanin could mediate effects of exercise and astaxanthin on oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Basereh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7117","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05354","article-title":"Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet","volume":"444","author":"Baur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108882","article-title":"Microglial identity and inflammatory responses are controlled by the combined effects of neurons and astrocytes","volume":"34","author":"Baxter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01294-9","article-title":"Increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100B in hippocampus and cortex of diabetic rats: effects of vitamin E","volume":"462","author":"Baydas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013993","article-title":"Short-term environmental enrichment enhances adult neurogenesis, vascular network and dendritic complexity in the hippocampus of type 1 diabetic mice","volume":"5","author":"Beauquis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.09.009","article-title":"Environmental enrichment prevents astroglial pathological changes in the hippocampus of APP transgenic mice, model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"239","author":"Beauquis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002","article-title":"Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research","volume":"35","author":"Beery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2011.07.002","article-title":"Effects of environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise on neurogenesis, learning and memory, and pattern separation: BDNF as a critical variable?","volume":"22","author":"Bekinschtein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib47","first-page":"751","article-title":"Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of diabetic encephalopathy","volume":"70","author":"Belenichev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr037","article-title":"Training-related brain plasticity in subjects at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease","volume":"134","author":"Belleville","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040423","article-title":"Autophagy counterbalances endoplasmic reticulum expansion during the unfolded protein response","volume":"4","author":"Bernales","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/709732","article-title":"Treadmill exercise induces hippocampal astroglial alterations in rats","volume":"2013","author":"Bernardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15267-z","article-title":"Microglial metabolic flexibility supports immune surveillance of the brain parenchyma","volume":"11","author":"Bernier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C873","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00604.2020","article-title":"The intersection of metformin and inflammation","volume":"320","author":"Bharath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/03610730802070068","article-title":"Transfer effects in task-set cost and dual-task cost after dual-task training in older and younger adults: further evidence for cognitive plasticity in attentional control in late adulthood","volume":"34","author":"Bherer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Aging Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0048-7","article-title":"Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Biessels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0348","article-title":"Brain changes underlying cognitive dysfunction in diabetes: what can we learn from MRI?","volume":"63","author":"Biessels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.9.1259","article-title":"Place learning and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"45","author":"Biessels","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70021-8","article-title":"Cognition and diabetes: a lifespan perspective","volume":"7","author":"Biessels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00161","article-title":"Insulin in the brain: its pathophysiological implications for States related with central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"5","author":"Bl\u00e1zquez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57256","article-title":"An anti-diabetes agent protects the mouse brain from defective insulin signaling caused by Alzheimer's disease-associated A\u03b2 oligomers","volume":"122","author":"Bomfim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00425.x","article-title":"Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"issue":"7382","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10777","article-title":"A PGC1-\u03b1-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis","volume":"481","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037887","article-title":"Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: is it a rare or common occurrence?","volume":"7","author":"Bouchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.06.003","article-title":"BDNF function in adult synaptic plasticity: the synaptic consolidation hypothesis","volume":"76","author":"Bramham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"6865","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/414813a","article-title":"Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications","volume":"414","author":"Brownlee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.11.003","article-title":"Effect of metformin combined with lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone on proinflammatory-oxidative status in drug-na\u00efve pre-diabetic and diabetic patients: A randomized controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Bulatova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.033","article-title":"RH. Effect of high-intensity exercise on aged mouse brain mitochondria, neurogenesis, and inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Burns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.989793","article-title":"NRF2: a crucial regulator for mitochondrial metabolic shift and prostate cancer progression","volume":"13","author":"Buttari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0132-6","article-title":"Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer disease","volume":"20","author":"Butterfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12057","article-title":"mTOR regulates tau phosphorylation and degradation: implications for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies","volume":"12","author":"Caccamo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7988","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0777-14.2014","article-title":"Genetic reduction of mammalian target of rapamycin ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-like cognitive and pathological deficits by restoring hippocampal gene expression signature","volume":"34","author":"Caccamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27086-x","article-title":"Inhibition of inflammatory microglia by dietary fiber and short-chain fatty acids","volume":"13","author":"Caetano-Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1121360","article-title":"Interplay of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20091857","article-title":"Pleiotropic mechanisms facilitated by resveratrol and its metabolites","volume":"429","author":"Calamini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308445","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Metformin Irrespective of Diabetes Status","volume":"119","author":"Cameron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180263","article-title":"Metformin Use Associated with Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.976340","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Canna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e328328d0a4","article-title":"PGC-1alpha, SIRT1 and AMPK, an energy sensing network that controls energy expenditure","volume":"20","author":"Cant\u00f3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0454-z","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase and its downstream transcriptional pathways","volume":"67","author":"Cant\u00f3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2012.76.010439","article-title":"NAD+ as a signaling molecule modulating metabolism","volume":"76","author":"Cant\u00f3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003905","article-title":"Targeting sirtuin 1 to improve metabolism: all you need is NAD","volume":"64","author":"Cant\u00f3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"7241","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07813","article-title":"AMPK regulates energy expenditure by modulating NAD+ metabolism and SIRT1 activity","volume":"458","author":"Cant\u00f3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.05.023","article-title":"NAD(+) Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus","volume":"22","author":"Cant\u00f3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113686","article-title":"Mechanism of metformin regulation in central nervous system: Progression and future perspectives","volume":"156","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1155","article-title":"Insulin is a two-edged knife on the brain","volume":"18","author":"Cardoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.08.008","article-title":"Insulin-induced recurrent hypoglycemia exacerbates diabetic brain mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative imbalance","volume":"49","author":"Cardoso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.11.029","article-title":"Spatial memory is improved by aerobic and resistance exercise through divergent molecular mechanisms","volume":"202","author":"Cassilhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2102-0","article-title":"Physical exercise, neuroplasticity, spatial learning and memory","volume":"73","author":"Cassilhas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1341-22.2023","article-title":"Activity-Dependent Nr4a2 induction modulates synaptic expression of AMPA Receptors and Plasticity via a Ca","volume":"43","author":"Catal\u00e0-Solsona","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1275924","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying physical exercise-induced brain BDNF overproduction","volume":"16","author":"Cefis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030861","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease from the amyloidogenic theory to the puzzling crossroads between vascular, metabolic and energetic maladaptive plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Cerasuolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111362","article-title":"Exploring the dynamic changes of brain lipids, lipid rafts, and lipid droplets in aging and Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"14","author":"Cerasuolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146693","article-title":"Understanding the Insulin-Degrading Enzyme: A New Look at Alzheimer's Disease and A\u03b2 Plaque Management","volume":"26","author":"Cerasuolo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2018.1433682","article-title":"Possible role of DPP4 inhibitors to promote hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"26","author":"Chalichem","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug. Target."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00006.2017","article-title":"Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species contribute to neurogenic hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.301938","article-title":"Metformin protects endothelial function in diet-induced obese mice by inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress through 5\u2032 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b4 pathway","volume":"34","author":"Cheang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3266","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptors recruit the CaMKII\u03b1-BDNF-CREB pathways to mediate memory consolidation","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.07.034","article-title":"Treadmill exercise alleviates STING-mediated microglia pyroptosis and polarization via activating mitophagy post-TBI","volume":"239","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030571","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of BDNF Gene during Development and Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib100","article-title":"Repurposing of Anti-Diabetic Agents as a New Opportunity to Alleviate Cognitive Impairment in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02264-1","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors: function, regulation and therapeutic potential","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117084","article-title":"New insights into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in oxidative stress-induced diseases","volume":"178","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib103","article-title":"Loss of insulin signaling in microglia impairs cellular uptake of Abeta and neuroinflammatory response exacerbating AD-like neuropathology","author":"Chen","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1655768","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment and management strategies in type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2011.65","article-title":"Tumour suppressor SIRT3 deacetylates and activates manganese superoxide dismutase to scavenge ROS","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13062","article-title":"Microglia and neuroprotection","volume":"136","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-98","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed","volume":"11","author":"Cherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00598","article-title":"Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies","volume":"11","author":"Chew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2939-14.2015","article-title":"SIRT1 deficiency in microglia contributes to cognitive decline in aging and neurodegeneration via epigenetic regulation of IL-1\u03b2","volume":"35","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-013-0297-1","article-title":"Regulation of SIRT1 by microRNAs","volume":"36","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.08.022","article-title":"Connexin 43-Mediated Astroglial Metabolic Networks Contribute to the Regulation of the Sleep-Wake Cycle","volume":"95","author":"Clasadonte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"7500","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/509282a","article-title":"Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies","volume":"509","author":"Clayton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181eeb61c","article-title":"Exercise and type 2 diabetes: American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Exercise and type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Colberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib114","first-page":"3316","article-title":"Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging","volume":"101","author":"Colcombe","year":"2004"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.11.1166","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans","volume":"61","author":"Colcombe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01075-9","article-title":"Inflammasome components as new therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease","volume":"25","author":"Coll","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3806","article-title":"A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"21","author":"Coll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.12.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial signaling and homeostasis: from cell biology to neurological disease","volume":"46","author":"Collier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"1 1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib119","first-page":"S181","article-title":"9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025","volume":"48","author":"Committee ADAPP","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232958","article-title":"Effects of exercise, cognitive, and dual-task interventions on cognition in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Cooke","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029736","article-title":"On the Run for Hippocampal Plasticity","volume":"8","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02143-4","article-title":"Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity","volume":"25","author":"Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.06.011","article-title":"Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Cotman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2174\/156720507780362137","article-title":"Insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: potential mechanisms and implications for treatment","volume":"4","author":"Craft","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2024.09.007","article-title":"Emerging TSPO-PET radiotracers for imaging neuroinflammation: a critical analysis","volume":"54","author":"Cumbers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-220002","article-title":"Metformin and dementia risk: a systematic review with respect to time related biases","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1178662","article-title":"Gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis: mechanisms, diseases, and inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01390-2","article-title":"DNA hypomethylation promotes the expression of CASPASE-4 which exacerbates inflammation and amyloid-\u03b2 deposition in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Daily","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C367","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00051.2022","article-title":"The microRNA-29 family: role in metabolism and metabolic disease","volume":"323","author":"Dalgaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00067-8","article-title":"Glutamate uptake","volume":"65","author":"Danbolt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.10.013","article-title":"Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Dandona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib132","first-page":"1971","article-title":"Protection of synapses against Alzheimer's-linked toxins: insulin signaling prevents the pathogenic binding of Abeta oligomers","volume":"106","author":"De Felice","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib133","first-page":"S26","article-title":"How does brain insulin resistance develop in Alzheimer's disease?","volume":"10","author":"De Felice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"issue":"s1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S317","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-240069","article-title":"Conquering Insulin Network Dysfunctions in Alzheimer's Disease: Where Are We Today?","volume":"101","author":"de la Monte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200619","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease is type 3 diabetes-evidence reviewed","volume":"2","author":"de la Monte","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12990-9","article-title":"Vildagliptin modulates the microbiota and induces an immunometabolic profile compatible with neuroprotection in type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"de Macedo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-11315-3","article-title":"Molecular crosstalk for longevity: exercise and the AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC-1alpha\/Irisin\/BDNF axis","volume":"53","author":"De Sousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.16.4.533","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition with sitagliptin: a new therapy for type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Deacon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib139","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Defenses in Huntington's Disease: Roles of NRF2 and PGC-1\u03b1, and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"15","author":"D'Egidio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00698","article-title":"Endocrine crosstalk between skeletal muscle and the brain","volume":"9","author":"Delezie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1847645","article-title":"Metformin as a potential therapeutic for neurological disease: mobilizing AMPK to repair the nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Demar\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00857-2","article-title":"Physical Activity to counter age-related cognitive decline: benefits of aerobic, resistance, and combined training-A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Dhahbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101477","article-title":"Exercise, redox homeostasis and the epigenetic landscape","volume":"35","author":"Dimauro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024325","article-title":"Cognitive and emotional alterations are related to hippocampal inflammation in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Dinel","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9376","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.64706","article-title":"Metformin in cardiovascular diabetology: a focused review of its impact on endothelial function","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2503","article-title":"SIRT1 exerts protective effects against paraquat-induced injury in mouse type II alveolar epithelial cells by deacetylating NRF2 in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07296.x","article-title":"Environmental impoverishment and aging alter object recognition, spatial learning, and dentate gyrus astrocytes","volume":"32","author":"Diniz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-016-0111-2","article-title":"Age, environment, object recognition and morphological diversity of GFAP-immunolabeled astrocytes","volume":"12","author":"Diniz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14171338","article-title":"HDACs in the Brain: From Chromatin Remodeling to Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"14","author":"Diniz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.036","article-title":"The emerging role of Nrf2 in mitochondrial function","volume":"88","author":"Dinkova-Kostova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173059","article-title":"The protective effect of metformin on mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic mice brain","volume":"875","author":"Docrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174146","article-title":"Metformin protects against neuroinflammation through integrated mechanisms of miR-141 and the NF-\u0138B-mediated inflammasome pathway in a diabetic mouse model","volume":"903","author":"Docrat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0623","article-title":"NRF2 and Diabetes: The Good, the Bad, and the Complex","volume":"71","author":"Dodson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01755-x","article-title":"Metabolic memory: mechanisms and diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.04.007","article-title":"MicroRNA-132 is associated with the cognition improvement following voluntary exercise in SAMP8 mice","volume":"140","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221151","article-title":"Relationship Between Cognitive Performance, Physical Activity, and Socio-Demographic\/Individual Characteristics Among Aging Americans","volume":"92","author":"Dowllah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.003","article-title":"Mnemonic Training Reshapes Brain Networks to Support Superior Memory","volume":"93","author":"Dresler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"9548","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69705-5","article-title":"The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes","volume":"368","author":"Drucker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05911-x","article-title":"Metformin improves depressive-like symptoms in mice via inhibition of peripheral and central NF-\u03baB-NLRP3 inflammation activation","volume":"238","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"5300","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5300.661","article-title":"Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt","volume":"275","author":"Dudek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2022.2107841","article-title":"Weight loss reduces circulating micro-RNA related to obesity and breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"17","author":"Duggan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/nm919","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is involved in learning and neuroprotection","volume":"9","author":"During","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S409373","article-title":"Metformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility Beyond Diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Dutta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Devel Ther."},{"issue":"6016","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196371","article-title":"Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy","volume":"331","author":"Egan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270590","article-title":"Membrane lipid rafts and neurobiology: age-related changes in membrane lipids and loss of neuronal function","volume":"594","author":"Egawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12877","article-title":"Brain Microvascular Pericyte Pathology Linking Alzheimer's Disease to Diabetes","volume":"31","author":"El-Ghazawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.1.223","article-title":"Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I","volume":"275","author":"El-Mir","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70083","article-title":"Hippocampal-specific insulin resistance elicits synaptic effects on glutamate neurotransmission","volume":"169","author":"Erichsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001936","article-title":"Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines","volume":"51","author":"Erickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2025.61.1.9","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and metformin: a dual approach to enhancing glycemic maintenance in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"61","author":"Eslami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chonnam Med. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0367-19.2019","article-title":"CREB Family Transcription Factors Are Major Mediators of BDNF Transcriptional Autoregulation in Cortical Neurons","volume":"40","author":"Esvald","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib173","first-page":"50","article-title":"Additive effects of physical exercise and environmental enrichment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice","volume":"3","author":"Fabel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7318","article-title":"MicroRNA and Diabetic Complications: A Clinical Perspective","volume":"29","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2741\/4718","article-title":"Amelioration of prediabetes-induced changes of dendritic structural plasticity","volume":"24","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed. )"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030530","article-title":"Vivo Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetes and Their Usefulness for Evaluating Flavonoid Bioactivity","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00742","article-title":"Lipid Droplets in Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Farmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0230450100","article-title":"Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo","volume":"100","author":"Farris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.08.023","article-title":"Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk regulates synapse remodeling via Wnt signaling","volume":"188","author":"Faust","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-095999","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials","volume":"51","author":"Fedewa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1375908","article-title":"The role of neurovascular coupling dysfunction in cognitive decline of diabetes patients","volume":"18","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04876-1","article-title":"The impact of different forms of exercise on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular and metabolic disease","volume":"122","author":"Ferentinos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.012","article-title":"Physical exercise as an epigenetic modulator of brain plasticity and cognition","volume":"80","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01278-5","article-title":"Neuroepigenetic Changes in DNA Methylation Affecting Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Impairment","volume":"43","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80866-1","article-title":"CREB couples neurotrophin signals to survival messages","volume":"25","author":"Finkbeiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80395-5","article-title":"CREB: a major mediator of neuronal neurotrophin responses","volume":"19","author":"Finkbeiner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14190","article-title":"Anomalies in neurovascular coupling during early diabetes: A review","volume":"51","author":"Fletcher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00095.2014","article-title":"MicroRNAs associated with exercise and diet: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Flowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00833-4","article-title":"Metformin: update on mechanisms of action and repurposing potential","volume":"19","author":"Foretz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.04.721","article-title":"Diabetes and the link between neuroplasticity and glutamate in the aging human motor cortex","volume":"130","author":"Fried","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.15280\/jlm.2018.8.2.99","article-title":"The Association between Lower Extremity Muscular Strength and Cognitive Function in a National Sample of Older Adults","volume":"8","author":"Frith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lifestyle Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-6991e-20181975","article-title":"Animal models in metabolic syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Fuchs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Col. Bras. Cir."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106326","article-title":"Polyol pathway and redox balance in diabetes","volume":"182","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06748-w","article-title":"FNDC5 prevents oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after traumatic brain injury through SIRT3-dependent regulation of mitochondrial quality control","volume":"15","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_5_23","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors (Gliflozins) on diabetes-induced neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity: a graphical review","volume":"15","author":"Gholami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1696419","article-title":"Recent advances in incretin-based therapy for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated to the type 2 diabetes mellitus: preclinical and clinical studies - a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Giofr\u00e8","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-021-00853-7","article-title":"The Future of Incretin-Based Approaches for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Older Adults: Which to Choose? A Review of their Potential Efficacy and Suitability","volume":"38","author":"Girges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3041","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease","volume":"11","author":"Gleeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.037","article-title":"Declining NAD(+) induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication during aging","volume":"155","author":"Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.001","article-title":"Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training","volume":"44","author":"Gomez-Cabrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06524.x","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor functions as a metabotrophin to mediate the effects of exercise on cognition","volume":"28","author":"Gomez-Pinilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07508.x","article-title":"Exercise impacts brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasticity by engaging mechanisms of epigenetic regulation","volume":"33","author":"Gomez-Pinilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119352","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress: An Integral, Updated and Critical Overview of Their Metabolic Interconnections","volume":"24","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6203","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250256","article-title":"Cell biology. Metabolic control of cell death","volume":"345","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib206","first-page":"37","article-title":"Experiential modification of the developing brain","volume":"63","author":"Greenough","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0596","article-title":"Hippocampal Insulin Resistance Impairs Spatial Learning and Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"64","author":"Grillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"7243","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07925","article-title":"HDAC2 negatively regulates memory formation and synaptic plasticity","volume":"459","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3893","article-title":"Inflammasomes: mechanism of action, role in disease, and therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.815347","article-title":"Microglia Polarization From M1 to M2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160593","article-title":"BDNF Responses in Healthy Older Persons to 35\u2009min of Physical Exercise, Cognitive Training, and Mindfulness: Associations with Working Memory Function","volume":"55","author":"H\u00e5kansson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T31","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0221","article-title":"Central effects of GLP-1: new opportunities for treatments of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"221","author":"H\u00f6lscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2020.1738383","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance: role in neurodegenerative disease and potential for targeting","volume":"29","author":"H\u00f6lscher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.023","article-title":"New roles for insulin-like hormones in neuronal signaling and protection: new hopes for novel treatments of Alzheimer's disease?","volume":"31","author":"H\u00f6lscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2012.01590.x","article-title":"Initial combination of linagliptin and metformin improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Haak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315287","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: Shared Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Common Therapeutic Targets","volume":"23","author":"Hamz\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"7095","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04724","article-title":"Suppression of basal autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice","volume":"441","author":"Hara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.17420111","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function","volume":"25","author":"Hardie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.09.013","article-title":"AMPK--sensing energy while talking to other signaling pathways","volume":"20","author":"Hardie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2014.09.004","article-title":"AMPK: positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Hardie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib221","first-page":"99","article-title":"AMPK: regulating energy balance at the cellular and whole body levels","volume":"29","author":"Hardie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3311","article-title":"AMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Hardie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00352","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species at the crossroads of inflammasome and inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Harijith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i10.108714","article-title":"Role of astrocytes in diabetic neuropathy: Review of their involvement in disease mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Haris","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-19","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation reverses key deficits in distinct rodent models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"5","author":"Harkavyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-00980-6","article-title":"The role of AMPK-dependent pathways in cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: a new perspective for treatment and prevention of diseases","volume":"30","author":"Hasanvand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H293","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00520.2017","article-title":"Regulating microRNA expression: at the heart of diabetes mellitus and the mitochondrion","volume":"314","author":"Hathaway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.029","article-title":"Integrative biology of exercise","volume":"159","author":"Hawley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.8.2420","article-title":"The antidiabetic drug metformin activates the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade via an adenine nucleotide-independent mechanism","volume":"51","author":"Hawley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2175","article-title":"Effects of computerized cognitive training on biomarker responses in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Hayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7382","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10758","article-title":"Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis","volume":"481","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01399-w","article-title":"The role of HDAC3 and its inhibitors in regulation of oxidative stress and chronic diseases","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Death Discov."},{"issue":"7434","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11729","article-title":"NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer's disease and contributes to pathology in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"493","author":"Heneka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3705","article-title":"Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01104-7","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease","volume":"25","author":"Heneka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03262.2003","article-title":"Lipid rafts in the maintenance of synapses, dendritic spines, and surface AMPA receptor stability","volume":"23","author":"Hering","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00228","article-title":"Thinking While Moving or Moving While Thinking - Concepts of Motor-Cognitive Training for Cognitive Performance Enhancement","volume":"10","author":"Herold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.95","article-title":"AMPK: guardian of metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Herzig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.99","article-title":"ER stress and the unfolded protein response in neurodegeneration","volume":"13","author":"Hetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.010","article-title":"Effects of diabetes on hippocampal neurogenesis: links to cognition and depression","volume":"37","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.010908.163119","article-title":"Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis and function","volume":"71","author":"Hock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.11.003","article-title":"mTOR signaling: at the crossroads of plasticity, memory and disease","volume":"33","author":"Hoeffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806470","article-title":"10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Holman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114310","article-title":"Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Health, Exercise, and Aging","volume":"81","author":"Hood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"issue":"6500","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2622","article-title":"Blood factors transfer beneficial effects of exercise on neurogenesis and cognition to the aged brain","volume":"369","author":"Horowitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.06.036","article-title":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate Promotes the Expression of BDNF in Hippocampal Neurons under Adequate Glucose Supply","volume":"386","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.965366","article-title":"Aerobic exercise alleviates pyroptosis-related diseases by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib249","article-title":"Metformin Protects Against Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Fission Protein DRP1","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001337","article-title":"BDNF produced by cerebral microglia promotes cortical plasticity and pain hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12069","article-title":"The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease","volume":"96","author":"Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.058","article-title":"Molecular pathways associated with oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus","volume":"108","author":"Ighodaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v12.i6.104","article-title":"Neuroprotection by dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs","volume":"12","author":"Ikeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/npjamd.2016.17","article-title":"It takes two to tango: NAD","volume":"2","author":"Imai","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Aging Mech. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113608","article-title":"Exercise Training-Induced Changes in MicroRNAs: Beneficial Regulatory Effects in Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, and Obesity","volume":"19","author":"Improta Caria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2301029","article-title":"MicroRNAs in type 2 diabetes mellitus: potential role of physical exercise","volume":"23","author":"Improta-Caria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25337","article-title":"Age differences in functional network reconfiguration with working memory training","volume":"42","author":"Iordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.12.010","article-title":"The effects of sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, on cognitive functions in elderly diabetic patients with or without Alzheimer's disease","volume":"123","author":"Isik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116729","article-title":"Environmental enrichment and the combined interventions of EE and metformin enhance hippocampal neuron survival and hippocampal-dependent memory in type 2 diabetic rats under stress through the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathways","volume":"175","author":"Ismail","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000201938.78044.75","article-title":"Metformin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB in human vascular wall cells","volume":"26","author":"Isoda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial cardiolipin is required for Nlrp3 inflammasome activation","volume":"39","author":"Iyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib263","first-page":"12017","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1alpha","volume":"104","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2110-y","article-title":"Sirtuins and Their Roles in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"42","author":"J\u0119\u015bko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E964","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00270.2013","article-title":"Higher activation of autophagy in skeletal muscle of mice during endurance exercise in the fasted state","volume":"305","author":"Jamart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8060148","article-title":"CpG and Non-CpG Methylation in Epigenetic Gene Regulation and Brain Function","volume":"8","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes. (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01830.x","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"262","author":"Jansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.589299","article-title":"Dual-Task Exercise to Improve Cognition and Functional Capacity of Healthy Older Adults","volume":"13","author":"Jardim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.81","article-title":"Regulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases","volume":"48","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418783959","article-title":"Microglia-Astrocyte Crosstalk: An Intimate Molecular Conversation","volume":"25","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223221109454","article-title":"Metformin and the risk of dementia based on an analysis of 396,332 participants","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1381","article-title":"Cyclic AMP controls BDNF-induced TrkB phosphorylation and dendritic spine formation in mature hippocampal neurons","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00404","article-title":"Physical Exercise Improves Cognitive Function Together with Microglia Phenotype Modulation and Remyelination in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib274","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor on Alzheimer's disease: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56854-2","article-title":"SGK1 drives hippocampal demyelination and diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction in mice","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib276","article-title":"Metformin Inhibits NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP)-Relevant Neuroinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010257","article-title":"Regulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling and potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's Disease","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf394","article-title":"Cognitive training reorganizes lateralization of fronto-parietal network in vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.649929","article-title":"Multiple roles in neuroprotection for the exercise derived myokine Irisin","volume":"13","author":"Jodeiri Farshbaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0815-6","article-title":"Large-scale proteomic analysis of Alzheimer's disease brain and cerebrospinal fluid reveals early changes in energy metabolism associated with microglia and astrocyte activation","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00118-16","article-title":"AMPK Facilitates Nuclear Accumulation of Nrf2 by Phosphorylating at Serine 550","volume":"36","author":"Joo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib282","article-title":"Low circulating choline, a modifiable dietary factor, is associated with the pathological progression and metabolome dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease","author":"Judd","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00407","article-title":"Effects of a Cognitive Training With and Without Additional Physical Activity in Healthy Older Adults: A Follow-Up 1 Year After a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Kalbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.014","article-title":"Metformin, independent of AMPK, inhibits mTORC1 in a rag GTPase-dependent manner","volume":"11","author":"Kalender","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03235-6","article-title":"The crosstalk between MicroRNAs and sirtuins: a bit unexpected therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"30","author":"Kamvar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1624472","article-title":"A review of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Kan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14761","article-title":"Long-term Metformin Therapy and Monitoring for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Among Older Veterans","volume":"65","author":"Kancherla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101799","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143287","article-title":"Natural Products as Modulators of Sirtuins","volume":"25","author":"Karaman Mayack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020985303","article-title":"Effect of Metformin on Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"55","author":"Karbalaee-Hasani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.11.057","article-title":"Glucocorticoid attenuates brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent upregulation of glutamate receptors via the suppression of microRNA-132 expression","volume":"165","author":"Kawashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63279-4","article-title":"Metformin alters mitochondria-related metabolism and enhances human oligodendrocyte function","volume":"16","author":"Kazakou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10915","article-title":"Mechanisms of AMPK in the maintenance of ATP balance during energy metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Ke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Biol. Int."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26147026","article-title":"Curcumin and Dementia: A Systematic Review of Its Effects on Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Outcomes in Animal Models","volume":"26","author":"Kehinde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30231-3","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches","volume":"19","author":"Kellar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0120-x","article-title":"Environmental enrichment, new neurons and the neurobiology of individuality","volume":"20","author":"Kempermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6624","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/386493a0","article-title":"More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment","volume":"386","author":"Kempermann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2010.00189","article-title":"Why and how physical activity promotes experience-induced brain plasticity","volume":"4","author":"Kempermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156303","article-title":"Influence of different modes of exercise training on inflammatory markers in older adults with and without chronic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Khalafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-021-00334-z","article-title":"An update on mode of action of metformin in modulation of meta-inflammation and inflammaging","volume":"74","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib301","first-page":"634","article-title":"Sirtuins, Cell Senescence, and Vascular Aging","volume":"32","author":"Kida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2152","article-title":"AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108496","article-title":"Metformin use in elderly population with diabetes reduced the risk of dementia in a dose-dependent manner, based on the Korean NHIS-HEALS cohort","volume":"170","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.04.010","article-title":"Adenine base editing and prime editing of chemically derived hepatic progenitors rescue genetic liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12430","article-title":"Impaired cerebral blood flow and oxygenation during exercise in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01911.x","article-title":"The use of animal models in diabetes research","volume":"166","author":"King","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318270401d","article-title":"Age at stroke: temporal trends in stroke incidence in a large, biracial population","volume":"79","author":"Kissela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib308","article-title":"Roles of PI3K\/AKT\/GSK3\/mTOR Pathway in Cell Signaling of Mental Illnesses","volume":"2012","author":"Kitagishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress Res. Treat."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0070-3","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions to prevent cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer disease","volume":"14","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.161","article-title":"Animal models of obesity and diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Kleinert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00333","article-title":"Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Cerebral Blood Flow and Executive Function: A Randomized, Controlled Cross-Over Trial in Sedentary Older Men","volume":"11","author":"Kleinloog","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0568","article-title":"Insulin action in brain regulates systemic metabolism and brain function","volume":"63","author":"Kleinridders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib313","first-page":"3463","article-title":"Insulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders","volume":"112","author":"Kleinridders","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7095","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04723","article-title":"Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice","volume":"441","author":"Komatsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12413","article-title":"Turn up the power - pharmacological activation of mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse models","volume":"171","author":"Komen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02413-y","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor from microglia regulates neuronal development in the medial prefrontal cortex and its associated social behavior","volume":"29","author":"Komori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011707","article-title":"Sirtuin 3, a new target of PGC-1alpha, plays an important role in the suppression of ROS and mitochondrial biogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12880","article-title":"Metformin inhibits mitochondrial adaptations to aerobic exercise training in older adults","volume":"18","author":"Konopka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.10.006","article-title":"High fat diet induces brain insulin resistance and cognitive impairment in mice","volume":"1863","author":"Kothari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74484","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12811","article-title":"Ampelopsin attenuates brain aging of D-gal-induced rats through miR-34a-mediated SIRT1\/mTOR signal pathway","volume":"7","author":"Kou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00018.2017","article-title":"Swimming attenuates d-galactose-induced brain aging via suppressing miR-34a-mediated autophagy impairment and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics","volume":"122","author":"Kou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0180-0","article-title":"The pericyte connectome: spatial precision of neurovascular coupling is driven by selective connectivity maps of pericytes and endothelial cells and is disrupted in diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Kovacs-Oller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Discov."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0510-4","article-title":"BDNF: A Key Factor with Multipotent Impact on Brain Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"38","author":"Kowia\u0144ski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2016.02.002","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling and energy metabolism in the developing brain","volume":"225","author":"Kozberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.06.009","article-title":"Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function","volume":"11","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-21-0194","article-title":"Metformin as an anti-inflammatory agent: a short review","volume":"251","author":"Krist\u00f3fi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.09.023","article-title":"Autophagy and the integrated stress response","volume":"40","author":"Kroemer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib328","article-title":"Overview of Metformin and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"18","author":"Kruczkowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm. (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204252","article-title":"An enriched environment prevents diabetes-induced cognitive impairment in rats by enhancing exosomal miR-146a secretion from endogenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Kubota","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.005","article-title":"Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum","volume":"109","author":"Kuijpers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212043","article-title":"Train and Reprogram Your Brain: Effects of Physical Exercise at Different Stages of Life on Brain Functions Saved in Epigenetic Modifications","volume":"25","author":"Kukla-Bartoszek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2015","article-title":"Brain Insulin Resistance at the Crossroads of Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders in Humans","volume":"96","author":"Kullmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.161498","article-title":"Exercise restores brain insulin sensitivity in sedentary adults who are overweight and obese","volume":"7","author":"Kullmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05546-5","article-title":"Crosstalk Between Neuronal and Glial Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy: Mechanisms and Implications for Neurodegeneration","volume":"63","author":"Kumari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6807","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408355111","article-title":"DNA methylation of BDNF as a biomarker of early-life adversity","volume":"112","author":"Kundakovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00387-4","article-title":"Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptide specifically interacts with and is degraded by insulin degrading enzyme","volume":"345","author":"Kurochkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2023.102747","article-title":"Mitochondrial regulation of local supply of energy in neurons","volume":"81","author":"L\u00f3pez-Dom\u00e9nech","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00365","article-title":"Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Labandeira-Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa023","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action","volume":"42","author":"LaMoia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.017","article-title":"mTOR signaling in growth control and disease","volume":"149","author":"Laplante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0315-1","article-title":"Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Lauenroth","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.02.008","article-title":"Effects of combined cognitive and exercise interventions on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Res. Rev."},{"issue":"Pt C","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.005","article-title":"BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity","volume":"76","author":"Leal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2016.10.004","article-title":"BDNF and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"104","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.07.094","article-title":"Early reaction of astroglial cells in rat hippocampus to streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"444","author":"Lebed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190756","article-title":"Differential Effects of Physical Exercise, Cognitive Training, and Mindfulness Practice on Serum BDNF Levels in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Study","volume":"71","author":"Ledreux","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1224155","article-title":"neuropsychiatric disorders: friend or foe?","volume":"13","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13276","article-title":"An integrated energy plan for activated neurons","volume":"135","author":"Leloup","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here?","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-22-0184","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation, metabolic danger signals, and protein binding partners","volume":"257","author":"Leu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.048","article-title":"Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective","volume":"176","author":"Levine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115684","article-title":"MicroRNAs Associated with Metformin Treatment in the Diabetes Prevention Program","volume":"25","author":"Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7920540","article-title":"Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise Upregulating the Expression of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity-Associated Proteins in Diabetic Rats","volume":"2019","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114510","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging detects cerebral gray and white matter injury correlated with cognitive impairments in diabetic db\/db mice","volume":"451","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158281","article-title":"Actions of Metformin in the Brain: A New Perspective of Metformin Treatments in Related Neurological Disorders","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308321","article-title":"P66Shc-Induced MicroRNA-34a Causes Diabetic Endothelial Dysfunction by Downregulating Sirtuin1","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2411306","article-title":"Advancements in the Regulation of Different-Intensity Exercise Interventions on Arterial Endothelial Function","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120178","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs and physical activity: Impact in diabetes","volume":"569","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0146","article-title":"Glial and Vascular Cell Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib360","article-title":"NG2-Glia Cause Diabetic Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption by Secreting MMP-9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806720106","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor stimulation preserves primary cortical and dopaminergic neurons in cellular and rodent models of stroke and Parkinsonism","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0655-y","article-title":"Linagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes after acute coronary syndrome or acute ischemic stroke","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.11.063","article-title":"The role of impaired insulin\/IGF action in primary diabetic encephalopathy","volume":"1037","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0171","article-title":"Alzheimer-like changes in rat models of spontaneous diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3540-2_10","article-title":"Mammalian Target of Rapamycin at the Crossroad Between Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes","volume":"1128","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11050323","article-title":"Lifelong Aerobic Exercise Alleviates Sarcopenia by Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting Protein Degradation via the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib367","article-title":"Deciphering the Roles of Metformin in Alzheimer's Disease: A Snapshot","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S436147","article-title":"The Role and Mechanism of Metformin in Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.10.009","article-title":"AMPK: Sensing Glucose as well as Cellular Energy Status","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.11.002","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in Oxidative Stress","volume":"7","author":"Lingappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12196","article-title":"The 18 kDa translocator protein, microglia and neuroinflammation","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib372","article-title":"Acute Administration of Metformin Protects Against Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00535","article-title":"Harmine Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Enhancing the BDNF\/TrkB Signaling Pathway in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00052","article-title":"Exercise-Mediated Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus via BDNF","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.09.010","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.012079","article-title":"Interleukin-4 Is Essential for Microglia\/Macrophage M2 Polarization and Long-Term Recovery After Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10248","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-05024-y","article-title":"Glial cell alterations in diabetes-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"81","author":"Llorian-Salvador","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0763-8","article-title":"Balancing the immune response in the brain: IL-10 and its regulation","volume":"13","author":"Lobo-Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8807","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01636-07","article-title":"Mammalian Sir2 homolog SIRT3 regulates global mitochondrial lysine acetylation","volume":"27","author":"Lombard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib381","article-title":"Novel Insights into the Mechanism and Treatment of Diabetes-Related Brain Complications: Focusing on the Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01761-0","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived exosomes enriched with miR-873a-5p inhibit neuroinflammation via microglia phenotype modulation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00828-0","article-title":"Function and regulation of CREB family transcription factors in the nervous system","volume":"35","author":"Lonze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01754","article-title":"Oligodendroctyes: the forgotten players of diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"19","author":"Lopez-Villodres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101707","article-title":"Exercise and Cognitive Function","volume":"8","author":"Loprinzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-019-0546-0","article-title":"The Bdnf and Npas4 genes are targets of HDAC3-mediated transcriptional repression","volume":"20","author":"Louis Sam Titus","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0275-4","article-title":"Exercise-linked FNDC5\/irisin rescues synaptic plasticity and memory defects in Alzheimer's models","volume":"25","author":"Lourenco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.953991","article-title":"Irisin stimulates protective signaling pathways in rat hippocampal neurons","volume":"16","author":"Lourenco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqac162","article-title":"Metformin's Impact on the Microvascular Response to Insulin","volume":"163","author":"Love","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3505","article-title":"BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111286","article-title":"The effects of metformin on autophagy","volume":"137","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0226","article-title":"Change Profiles and Functional Targets of MicroRNAs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Obesity","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01951-9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-025-02583-3","article-title":"The impact of type 2 diabetes on aging: multidimensional approaches to preserve cognitive health","volume":"62","author":"Lucia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933256","article-title":"Responses of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in Wistar rats to different resistance exercise models","volume":"66","author":"Luciano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3841","article-title":"Progress in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Encephalopathy: The Key Role of Neuroinflammation","volume":"40","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00129","article-title":"An investigation of response and stimulus modality transfer effects after dual-task training in younger and older","volume":"6","author":"Lussier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib398","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beyond glycemic control: the neuroprotective potential of tirzepatide","volume":"72","author":"M","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041136","article-title":"Lactate and BDNF: Key Mediators of Exercise Induced Neuroplasticity?","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.09.067","article-title":"Physical exercise induces hippocampal neurogenesis and prevents cognitive decline","volume":"317","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300965","article-title":"Whole transcriptome sequencing analyses of islets reveal ncRNA regulatory networks underlying impaired insulin secretion and increased \u03b2-cell mass in high fat diet-induced diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401464R","article-title":"MicroRNAs in metabolic dysfunction-associated diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320","article-title":"Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.122.000629","article-title":"Pharmacological Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome: Structure, Molecular Activation, and Inhibitor-NLRP3 Interaction","volume":"75","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib405","first-page":"4113","article-title":"Vildagliptin prevents cognitive deficits and neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.891039","article-title":"Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis of the db\/db Mouse Hippocampus Reveals Cell-Type-Specific Insights Into the Pathobiology of Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-022-00214-2","article-title":"Gray and white matter abnormality in patients with T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.011","article-title":"Metformin restores hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory via regulating gut microbiota in the obese mouse model","volume":"95","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00942-6","article-title":"Roles of physical exercise-induced MiR-126 in cardiovascular health of type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.084","article-title":"Relationships of peripheral IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF levels to exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal perfusion and volumes in older adults","volume":"131","author":"Maass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i2.84","article-title":"Antidiabetic treatment, stroke severity and outcome","volume":"5","author":"Magkou","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib412","article-title":"Metformin Blunts Vascular Insulin Sensitivity After Exercise Training in Adults at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome","author":"Malin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/154733251803000107","article-title":"Determinants of cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Mansur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00799","article-title":"SIRT3 Regulation Under Cellular Stress: Making Sense of the Ups and Downs","volume":"12","author":"Marcus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-017-2199-y","article-title":"Metformin - a Future Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Theme: Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla","volume":"34","author":"Markowicz-Piasecka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8466","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9466","article-title":"Structural and functional rejuvenation of the aged brain by an approved anti-asthmatic drug","volume":"6","author":"Marschallinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111085","article-title":"Changes in miRNA expression with two weight-loss dietary strategies in a population with metabolic syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Marsetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3470","article-title":"Strength exercise suppresses STZ-induced spatial memory impairment and modulates BDNF\/ERK-CAMKII\/CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus of mice","volume":"38","author":"Martini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01416","article-title":"Crosstalk Between Astrocytes and Microglia: An Overview","volume":"11","author":"Matejuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib420","first-page":"6358","article-title":"Astrocytic glycogen-derived lactate fuels the brain during exhaustive exercise to maintain endurance capacity","volume":"114","author":"Matsui","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.12.011","article-title":"Lifelong brain health is a lifelong challenge: from evolutionary principles to empirical evidence","volume":"20","author":"Mattson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Res. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.011","article-title":"Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States","volume":"27","author":"Mattson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.373683","article-title":"Role of exercise in the brain: focus on oligodendrocytes and remyelination","volume":"18","author":"Maugeri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-022-01107-y","article-title":"Diabetic Encephalopathy: Role of Oxidative and Nitrosative Factors in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Mazumdar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian. J. Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5372-11.2012","article-title":"Sex differences in the brain: the not so inconvenient truth","volume":"32","author":"McCarthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.005","article-title":"Liraglutide can reverse memory impairment, synaptic loss and reduce plaque load in aged APP\/PS1 mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"76","author":"McClean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.12.023","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues enhance synaptic plasticity in the brain: a link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"630","author":"McClean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.07.024","article-title":"Prophylactic liraglutide treatment prevents amyloid plaque deposition, chronic inflammation and memory impairment in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"293","author":"McClean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"9833","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60360-2","article-title":"Diabetes and cognitive dysfunction","volume":"379","author":"McCrimmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113076","article-title":"GluT4: A central player in hippocampal memory and brain insulin resistance","volume":"323","author":"McNay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070691","article-title":"Physical Exercise Inhibits Inflammation and Microglial Activation","volume":"8","author":"Mee-Inta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00431-y","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors: a novel therapy for cognitive impairment via multifaceted effects on the nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101167","article-title":"Impact of resistance training on the autophagy-inflammation-apoptosis crosstalk in elderly subjects","volume":"9","author":"Mej\u00edas-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2023.105591","article-title":"Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in diabetic cognitive impairment","volume":"169","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00313","article-title":"SIRT3 Regulation of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.568861","article-title":"SIRT1 Antagonizes Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Vascular Complication","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094744","article-title":"Induction of Brain Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer's Molecular Changes by Western Diet","volume":"23","author":"Mietelska-Porowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.741","article-title":"Hippocampal atrophy, asymmetry, and cognition in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Milne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.66.1.807","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by cyclic AMP","volume":"66","author":"Montminy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268816","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Moosaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1180","article-title":"PGC-1alpha-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Mootha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib442","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e823","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006955","article-title":"ADNI) AsDNI. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, brain atrophy, and cognitive decline","volume":"92","author":"Moran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H738","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00005.2016","article-title":"Neurovascular cross talk in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological roles and therapeutic implications","volume":"311","author":"Moran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0375-9","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is abundant in neurologically healthy subjects and drops sharply in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"25","author":"Moreno-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib445","article-title":"The molecular basis of differential host responses to avian influenza viruses in avian species with differing susceptibility","volume":"13","author":"Morris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.77455","article-title":"BDNF\/TrkB signaling endosomes in axons coordinate CREB\/mTOR activation and protein synthesis in the cell body to induce dendritic growth in cortical neurons","volume":"12","author":"Moya-Alvarado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.22153","article-title":"Effects of metformin on recognition memory and hippocampal neuroplasticity in rats with metabolic syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Arenas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0287","article-title":"AAV8-mediated gene transfer of microRNA-132 improves beta cell function in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"240","author":"Mulder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib449","article-title":"Combined Exercise and Game-Based Cognitive Training Intervention: Correlative Pilot Study of Neurotrophic and Inflammatory Biomarkers for Women With Breast Cancer","author":"Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00308","article-title":"Microglia Express Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in the Hippocampus of Aged APP","volume":"13","author":"Myhre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.11.012","article-title":"MiR-132 controls pancreatic beta cell proliferation and survival through Pten\/Akt\/Foxo3 signaling","volume":"31","author":"Mziaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib452","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.07.007","article-title":"Endothelial function and dysfunction: Impact of metformin","volume":"192","author":"Nafisa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib453","article-title":"Prefrontal Cortex Activation during Memory Training by Virtual Drum Beating: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"11","author":"Nam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthc. (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi20-0030","article-title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms in Diabetic Vascular Complications and Metabolic Memory: The 2020 Edwin Bierman Award Lecture","volume":"70","author":"Natarajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.06.025","article-title":"Impaired cerebrovascular responsiveness and cognitive performance in adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Nealon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00273-9","article-title":"Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain","volume":"726","author":"Neeper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00345","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer's Disease: Bioenergetic Linkages","volume":"9","author":"Neth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00057","article-title":"Is There a Preferred Mode of Exercise for Cognition Enhancement in Older Age?-A Narrative Review","volume":"6","author":"Netz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131901","article-title":"Long-term metformin usage and cognitive function among older adults with diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"9984","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","article-title":"A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Ngandu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib461","article-title":"Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease","volume":"11","author":"Ngo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid. (Basel)"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R900010200","article-title":"The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress","volume":"284","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib463","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186022","article-title":"From Innate Immunity to Metabolic Disorder: A Review of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Ni\u021bulescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123705","article-title":"MicroRNAs as Regulators of Insulin Signaling: Research Updates and Potential Therapeutic Perspectives in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Nigi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6779","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/35008121","article-title":"Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage","volume":"404","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1970","article-title":"Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Nithianantharajah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.10.001","article-title":"The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders","volume":"89","author":"Nithianantharajah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.11.001","article-title":"Association of dietary choline intake with incidence of dementia, Alzheimer disease, and mild cognitive impairment: a large population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib469","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.161","article-title":"The relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function","volume":"7","author":"Novak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20646","article-title":"Neuronal activity rapidly induces transcription of the CREB-regulated microRNA-132, in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Nudelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030600","article-title":"Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Cross-Talk in the Central Nervous System","volume":"9","author":"Nutma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.2741\/s310","article-title":"The role of mTOR signaling in Alzheimer disease","volume":"4","author":"Oddo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Sch. Ed. )"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib473","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9220","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01453-06","article-title":"Autophagy is activated for cell survival after endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"26","author":"Ogata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4647-6","article-title":"The DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin impacts the gut microbiota and prevents disruption of intestinal homeostasis induced by a Western diet in mice","volume":"61","author":"Olivares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.05.013","article-title":"Effects of metformin on inflammation and short-term memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"1644","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20157","article-title":"Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways","volume":"16","author":"Olson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004586","article-title":"Metformin vs sulfonylurea use and risk of dementia in US veterans aged \u226565 years with diabetes","volume":"89","author":"Orkaby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2828","article-title":"Benefits of a Paleolithic diet with and without supervised exercise on fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Otten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.147","article-title":"An 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) polymorphism explains differences in binding affinity of the PET radioligand PBR28","volume":"32","author":"Owen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3480607","article-title":"Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain","volume":"348","author":"Owen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/515042","article-title":"Antioxidant strategies in the management of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"2015","author":"Oyenihi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib482","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-024-01489-3","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and metformin attenuate the cognitive impairment in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes mellitus: focus on neuroinflammation and adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Padhy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib483","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100075","article-title":"Diet and exercise signals regulate SIRT3 and activate AMPK and PGC-1alpha in skeletal muscle","volume":"1","author":"Palacios","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib484","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/25168657221130041","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of miRNAs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview","volume":"15","author":"Palihaderu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenet Insights"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.028","article-title":"Aging Triggers a Repressive Chromatin State at Bdnf Promoters in Hippocampal Neurons","volume":"16","author":"Palomer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib486","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-4170.125651","article-title":"Effect of environmental enrichment exposure on neuronal morphology of streptozotocin-induced diabetic and stressed rat hippocampus","volume":"37","author":"Pamidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib487","first-page":"385","article-title":"Environmental enrichment preserves hippocampal neurons in diabetes and stressed rats","volume":"37","author":"Pamidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666190626143832","article-title":"Future Perspective of Diabetic Animal Models","volume":"20","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug. Targets"},{"issue":"Pt C","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.06.024","article-title":"BDNF mechanisms in late LTP formation: A synthesis and breakdown","volume":"76","author":"Panja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01337-13","article-title":"SirT3 regulates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response","volume":"34","author":"Papa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7489795","article-title":"Association of Glycemic Indices (Hyperglycemia, Glucose Variability, and Hypoglycemia) with Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Complications","volume":"2020","author":"Papachristoforou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.030","article-title":"Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"155","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.03.007","article-title":"Inflammation, aging and chronic disease","volume":"29","author":"Pawelec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib494","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1278334","article-title":"Role of microRNA-34a in blood-brain barrier permeability and mitochondrial function in ischemic stroke","volume":"17","author":"Payne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11851","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1700-16.2016","article-title":"Novel Roles for the Insulin-Regulated Glucose Transporter-4 in Hippocampally Dependent Memory","volume":"36","author":"Pearson-Leary","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.49","article-title":"Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ","volume":"8","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib497","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","article-title":"Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"139","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib498","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.05.002","article-title":"Emerging Links between Lipid Droplets and Motor Neuron Diseases","volume":"45","author":"Pennetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib499","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611721104","article-title":"An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus","volume":"104","author":"Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70193","article-title":"Regulatory Dynamics of Nrf2 With Sirtuins in the Brain: Exploring Cellular Metabolism, Synaptic Plasticity, and Defense Mechanisms","volume":"169","author":"Perez Lao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029686","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Historical Advances, Current Knowledge, and Future Challenges","volume":"8","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205054367892","article-title":"Enhancing central nervous system endogenous GLP-1 receptor pathways for intervention in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2","author":"Perry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.037481","article-title":"Protection and reversal of excitotoxic neuronal damage by glucagon-like peptide-1 and exendin-4","volume":"302","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.864758","article-title":"Cerebral Microvascular Senescence and Inflammation in Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Phoenix","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1624770","article-title":"NLRP3 and beyond: inflammasomes as central cellular hub and emerging therapeutic target in inflammation and disease","volume":"16","author":"Pinz\u00f3n-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319832605","article-title":"Synergistic Benefits of Combined Aerobic and Cognitive Training on Fluid Intelligence and the Role of IGF-1 in Chronic Stroke","volume":"33","author":"Ploughman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105190","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Anti-Diabetic Drug Metformin in the Prevention of Inflammatory Complications and Infectious Diseases Including COVID-19: A Narrative Review","volume":"25","author":"Plowman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.06.009","article-title":"Microglia and neuroprotection: from in vitro studies to therapeutic applications","volume":"92","author":"Polazzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib509","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091289","article-title":"Metformin Prevents NDEA-Induced Memory Impairments Associated with Attenuating Beta-Amyloid, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, and Interleukin-6 Levels in the Hippocampus of Rats","volume":"13","author":"Ponce-Lopez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008996","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of neuronal plasticity by the energy sensor AMPK","volume":"5","author":"Potter","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2007","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production","volume":"88","author":"Powers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib512","article-title":"Exercise Training and Skeletal Muscle Antioxidant Enzymes: An Update","volume":"12","author":"Powers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib513","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.041","article-title":"Exercise-induced Nrf2 activation increases antioxidant defenses in skeletal muscles","volume":"224","author":"Powers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib514","first-page":"125","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction: An Overview","volume":"2","author":"Prasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacovigil."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.51605","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-shuttled miRNAs: a critical appraisal of their potential as nano-diagnostics and nano-therapeutics in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its cardiovascular complications","volume":"11","author":"Prattichizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib516","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.05.004","article-title":"Nurse-Enhanced Computerized Cognitive Training Increases Serum Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Levels and Improves Working Memory in Heart Failure","volume":"21","author":"Pressler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib517","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018","article-title":"Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype","volume":"131","author":"Prowse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib518","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00770","article-title":"Advances in Roles of miR-132 in the Nervous System","volume":"8","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib519","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.01.004","article-title":"Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme and amyloid-beta peptide in Alzheimer's disease: review and hypothesis","volume":"27","author":"Qiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00413-3","article-title":"New insights into the cellular activities of Fndc5\/Irisin and its signaling pathways","volume":"10","author":"Rabiee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S173970","article-title":"Mechanism involved in insulin resistance via accumulation of \u03b2-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles: link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Rad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Devel Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib522","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.024","article-title":"Physical exercise, reactive oxygen species and neuroprotection","volume":"98","author":"Radak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-1484-5","article-title":"Effects of simultaneous cognitive and aerobic exercise training on dual-task walking performance in healthy older adults: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Raichlen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102821","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the interplay between autophagy and the inflammasome in age-related diseases: Implications for exercise immunology","volume":"110","author":"Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib525","first-page":"12880","article-title":"Effects of environmental enrichment on gene expression in the brain","volume":"97","author":"Rampon","year":"2000"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03979-4","article-title":"MicroRNA-34a: the bad guy in age-related vascular diseases","volume":"78","author":"Raucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib527","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-021-01231-3","article-title":"The PI3K\/Akt signaling axis in Alzheimer's disease: a valuable target to stimulate or suppress?","volume":"26","author":"Razani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Stress. Chaperon-.-."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17750351","article-title":"Evaluation of exercise-induced modulation of glial activation and dopaminergic damage in a rat model of Parkinson's disease using","volume":"39","author":"Real","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.12.1595","article-title":"Role of insulin resistance in human disease","volume":"37","author":"Reaven","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3462-y","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in diabetic complications and metabolic memory","volume":"58","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0493","article-title":"Microstructural white matter abnormalities and cognitive functioning in type 2 diabetes: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"36","author":"Reijmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib532","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211001641","article-title":"Metformin: The next angiogenesis panacea?","volume":"9","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib533","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-019-0158-9","article-title":"The role of different SIRT1-mediated signaling pathways in toxic injury","volume":"24","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4342-z","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of metformin","volume":"60","author":"Rena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.109512","article-title":"The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mitochondrial biogenesis","volume":"574","author":"Reznick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib536","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168814","article-title":"The Impact of Physical Exercise on the Circulating Levels of BDNF and NT 4\/5: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib537","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2012","article-title":"Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake","volume":"93","author":"Richter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106062","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Focus of SGLT2 inhibitors treatment","volume":"176","author":"Rizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib539","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i7.1013","article-title":"Tight junction disruption and the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Robles-Osorio","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"issue":"7029","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03354","article-title":"Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1alpha and SIRT1","volume":"434","author":"Rodgers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15863","article-title":"AMPK, metabolism, and vascular function","volume":"288","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib542","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i6.745","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapeutics links","volume":"12","author":"Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib543","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610221","article-title":"Development of a Combined Exercise and Cognitive Stimulation Intervention for People with Mild Cognitive Impairment-Designing the MEMO_MOVE PROGRAM","volume":"19","author":"Rond\u00e3o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib544","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00646-8","article-title":"Physical exercise prevents amyloid","volume":"36","author":"Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad029","article-title":"Metformin, Cognitive Function, and Changes in the Gut Microbiome","volume":"45","author":"Rosell-D\u00edaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib546","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2019.41","article-title":"Multidomain Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia: From FINGER to World-Wide FINGERS","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib547","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100328","article-title":"Precision exercise medicine: understanding exercise response variability","volume":"53","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib548","article-title":"Neuroplasticity of Brain Networks Through Exercise: A Narrative Review About Effect of Types, Intensities, and Durations","volume":"13","author":"Rosso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib549","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00400","article-title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Rotermund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3313","article-title":"MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders","volume":"13","author":"Rottiers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1327814","article-title":"Metformin: update on mechanisms of action on liver diseases","volume":"10","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib552","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.07.030","article-title":"Autophagy and aging","volume":"146","author":"Rubinsztein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib553","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105115","article-title":"Regulation of blood-retinal barrier cell-junctions in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"161","author":"Rudraraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib554","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130681","article-title":"Exercise and metformin counteract altered mitochondrial function in the insulin-resistant brain","volume":"4","author":"Ruegsegger","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100765","article-title":"Physical activity, aerobic fitness, and brain white matter: Their role for executive functions in adolescence","volume":"42","author":"Ruotsalainen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib556","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.246","article-title":"MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases","volume":"16","author":"Rupaimoole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib557","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4132","article-title":"Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents","volume":"22","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib558","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100546","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The key for healthy aging","volume":"29","author":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib559","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.009","article-title":"Microglia and Astrocyte Crosstalk in Immunity","volume":"41","author":"Sacrist\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02897-w","article-title":"Inhibition of HDAC increases BDNF expression and promotes neuronal rewiring and functional recovery after brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Sada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2664","article-title":"Memory and executive functions in persons with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Sadanand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib562","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530315666150316124019","article-title":"Metformin and Inflammation: Its Potential Beyond Glucose-lowering Effect","volume":"15","author":"Saisho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug. Targets"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib563","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1428","article-title":"Brain Insulin Signaling Is Increased in Insulin-Resistant States and Decreases in FOXOs and PGC-1\u03b1 and Increases in A\u03b21-40\/42 and Phospho-Tau May Abet Alzheimer Development","volume":"65","author":"Sajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib564","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2011.12.005","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls the aging process via an integrated signaling network","volume":"11","author":"Salminen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Res. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0892","article-title":"Metformin Use Is Associated With Slowed Cognitive Decline and Reduced Incident Dementia in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: The Sydney Memory and aging Study","volume":"43","author":"Samaras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105351","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Metformin on the Central Nervous System, with a Focus on Epilepsy and Lafora Disease","volume":"22","author":"Sanz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib567","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0409","article-title":"MicroRNAs and the Genetic Nexus of Brain Aging, Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Brain Trauma","volume":"10","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib568","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1604-18.2018","article-title":"Enhancement of BDNF Expression and Memory by HDAC Inhibition Requires BET Bromodomain Reader Proteins","volume":"39","author":"Sartor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib569","article-title":"Modulation of Nrf2 and Mitochondrial Function: Pharmacological Implications","volume":"18","author":"Saso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm. (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-012-0500-8","article-title":"Physical exercise increases GFAP expression and induces morphological changes in hippocampal astrocytes","volume":"219","author":"Saur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","article-title":"mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease","volume":"168","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib572","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i5.585","article-title":"Association between metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Sayedali","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib573","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2807-y","article-title":"The insulin-degrading enzyme is an allosteric modulator of the 20S proteasome and a potential competitor of the 19S","volume":"75","author":"Sbardella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib574","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2011.11.001","article-title":"DPP-4 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes: a critical review of head-to-head trials","volume":"38","author":"Scheen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2010.02.013","article-title":"Lipid rafts: keys to neurodegeneration","volume":"82","author":"Schengrund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107946","article-title":"The right place for metformin today","volume":"159","author":"Schernthaner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib577","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.917527","article-title":"A Brief Overview on BDNF-Trk Pathway in the Nervous System: A Potential Biomarker or Possible Target in Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis?","volume":"13","author":"Schir\u00f2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib578","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000277","article-title":"Mindfulness and Behavior Change","volume":"28","author":"Schuman-Olivier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib579","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-267187","article-title":"Activation of autophagy in human skeletal muscle is dependent on exercise intensity and AMPK activation","volume":"29","author":"Schwalm","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R372","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00525.2009","article-title":"Endurance training enhances BDNF release from the human brain","volume":"298","author":"Seifert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-019-00176-z","article-title":"Inappropriate modeling of chronic and complex disorders: How to reconsider the approach in the context of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine, and translational medicine","volume":"10","author":"Seifirad","year":"2019","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib582","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa016","article-title":"Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines","volume":"41","author":"Severinsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib583","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.071","article-title":"A systematic review of MRI studies examining the relationship between physical fitness and activity and the white matter of the aging brain","volume":"131","author":"Sexton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib584","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Metabolic Dysfunction: A Mini Review","volume":"13","author":"Shafik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthc. (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05499-9","article-title":"Metformin Inhibits Microglial Activation-Mediated Cuproptosis by Modulating the TLR4\/Myd88\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway in Parkinson's Disease","volume":"63","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib586","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.124.002152","article-title":"Evaluation of systemic and brain pharmacokinetic parameters for repurposing metformin using intravenous bolus administration","volume":"392","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib587","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.68.1.821","article-title":"CREB: a stimulus-induced transcription factor activated by a diverse array of extracellular signals","volume":"68","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114206","article-title":"Metabolic perspective of astrocyte dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes brains","volume":"158","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib589","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2014.135","article-title":"Regulatory networks between neurotrophins and miRNAs in brain diseases and cancers","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-025-01739-y","article-title":"\"Rewiring brain immunity: targeting microglial metabolism for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disorders\"","volume":"40","author":"Shokr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i3.525","article-title":"Emerging roles of microRNAs as diagnostics and potential therapeutic interest in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Shrivastav","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00005","article-title":"Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial","volume":"147","author":"Sigal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib593","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.130","article-title":"How does diabetes accelerate Alzheimer disease pathology?","volume":"6","author":"Sims-Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib594","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1359685","article-title":"Animal models for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: advantages and limitations","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12235","article-title":"Modeling type 2 diabetes in rats using high fat diet and streptozotocin","volume":"5","author":"Skovs\u00f8","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib596","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15092","article-title":"Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"5","author":"Sleiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib597","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-190083","article-title":"Pathways of Prevention: A Scoping Review of Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Neurocognition","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"issue":"7696","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib598","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25975","article-title":"Human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults","volume":"555","author":"Sorrells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib599","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02221-9","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory by increasing GluA1 palmitoylation through FoxO3a","volume":"8","author":"Spinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00788","article-title":"Brain Insulin Resistance and Hippocampal Plasticity: Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Cognitive Decline","volume":"13","author":"Spinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112280","article-title":"Effect of metformin treatment on memory and hippocampal neurogenesis decline correlated with oxidative stress induced by methotrexate in rats","volume":"144","author":"Sritawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.702832","article-title":"Neurovascular Coupling in Development and Disease: Focus on Astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Stackhouse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib603","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00248.x","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators of cerebral endothelium: a role in ischemic brain inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Stanimirovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0019-2","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: the current landscape for drug development","volume":"18","author":"Steinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib606","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00626","article-title":"Mediators of Physical Activity on Neurocognitive Function: A Review at Multiple Levels of Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Stillman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib607","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.04.010","article-title":"Effects of Exercise on Brain and Cognition Across Age Groups and Health States","author":"Stillman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00391","article-title":"A Paleolithic Diet with and without Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Increases Functional Brain Responses and Hippocampal Volume in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Stomby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.04.045","article-title":"Models and mechanisms for hippocampal dysfunction in obesity and diabetes","volume":"309","author":"Stranahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-110899","article-title":"Metabolic reserve as a determinant of cognitive aging","volume":"30","author":"Stranahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2055","article-title":"Diabetes impairs hippocampal function through glucocorticoid-mediated effects on new and mature neurons","volume":"11","author":"Stranahan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib612","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20577","article-title":"Voluntary exercise and caloric restriction enhance hippocampal dendritic spine density and BDNF levels in diabetic mice","volume":"19","author":"Stranahan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1420322","article-title":"Physical exercise regulates microglia in health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Strohm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib614","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01165","article-title":"Intranasal Delivery of Targeted Nanoparticles Loaded With miR-132 to Brain for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-07011-6","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics reveal neuron-astrocyte synergy in long-term memory","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib616","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9109","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa631","article-title":"NRF2 preserves genomic integrity by facilitating ATR activation and G2 cell cycle arrest","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib617","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1159\/000493275","article-title":"Reduced Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Are Related to Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib619","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajmo.2023.100031","article-title":"The importance of exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Syeda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib620","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuropeptides, trophic factors, and other substances providing morphofunctional and metabolic protection in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"311","author":"Szabadfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"60","author":"Szuhany","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib622","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota-Related Antihyperglycemic Effect of Metformin","volume":"18","author":"Szymczak-Pajor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm. (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.113","article-title":"Metformin in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias","volume":"10","author":"Tahmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00368","article-title":"Influence of Sequential vs. Simultaneous Dual-Task Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults","volume":"9","author":"Tait","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00399","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Precedes Cognitive Decline and Neurodegeneration in Diabetic Insulin Resistant Mouse Model: An Implication for Causal Link","volume":"9","author":"Takechi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59903","article-title":"Demonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive decline","volume":"122","author":"Talbot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9786-9","article-title":"Resistance training decreases serum inflammatory markers in diabetic rats","volume":"43","author":"Talebi-Garakani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib628","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16192","article-title":"Association of Metformin use with risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib629","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00087","article-title":"Aldose reductase, oxidative stress, and diabetic mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12436","article-title":"Metformin treatment ameliorates diabetes-associated decline in hippocampal neurogenesis and memory via phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1","volume":"8","author":"Tanokashira","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Open. Bio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00440","article-title":"Divergent Effects of Metformin on an Inflammatory Model of Parkinson's Disease","volume":"12","author":"Tayara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib632","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.08.014","article-title":"Exercise training decreases proinflammatory profile in Zucker diabetic (type 2) fatty rats","volume":"25","author":"Teixeira de Lemos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib633","first-page":"7165","article-title":"Metformin increases degradation of phospholamban via autophagy in cardiomyocytes","volume":"112","author":"Teng","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib634","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.773797","article-title":"Long-Term Use of Metformin Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Cognitive Impairment With Alleviation of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24090","article-title":"Life-long aerobic exercise preserved baseline cerebral blood flow but reduced vascular reactivity to CO2","volume":"38","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib636","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094271","article-title":"From Synaptic Plasticity to Neurodegeneration: BDNF as a Transformative Target in Medicine","volume":"26","author":"Toader","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib637","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2001.0427","article-title":"Effects of exercise on gene-expression profile in the rat hippocampus","volume":"8","author":"Tong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib638","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155223","article-title":"Metformin: Is it a drug for all reasons and diseases?","volume":"133","author":"Triggle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib639","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14298","article-title":"Mitochondria, energy, and metabolism in neuronal health and disease","volume":"596","author":"Trigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00057","article-title":"Exercise Counteracts Aging-Related Memory Impairment: A Potential Role for the Astrocytic Metabolic Shuttle","volume":"8","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0513","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Mechanisms of the Keap1\/Nrf2\/ARE Signaling Pathway in Chronic Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib642","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101492","article-title":"The Insulin-Degrading Enzyme from Structure to Allosteric Modulation: New Perspectives for Drug Design","volume":"13","author":"Tundo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib643","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2274","article-title":"Glutamate transporters: confining runaway excitation by shaping synaptic transmission","volume":"8","author":"Tzingounis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib644","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.664149","article-title":"Imaging Metformin Efficacy as Add-On Therapy in Cells and Mouse Models of Human EGFR Glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Valtorta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0240-3","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2-independent regulators of tau pathology in Alzheimer disease","volume":"21","author":"van der Kant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib646","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-008-8028-z","article-title":"Neurogenesis and exercise: past and future directions","volume":"10","author":"van Praag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/35044558","article-title":"Neural consequences of environmental enrichment","volume":"1","author":"van Praag","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib648","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30405-X","article-title":"Cerebral microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes: stroke, cognitive dysfunction, and depression","volume":"8","author":"van Sloten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib649","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00822-2","article-title":"Drugging the NLRP3 inflammasome: from signaling mechanisms to therapeutic targets","volume":"23","author":"Vande Walle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00836-7","article-title":"The Impact of Exercise Training on the Brain and Cognition in Type 2 Diabetes, and its Physiological Mediators: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Vandersmissen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112717","article-title":"Exercise and Sirtuins: A Way to Mitochondrial Health in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"20","author":"Vargas-Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib652","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02740-x","article-title":"Effects of diabetes on microglial physiology: a systematic review of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"20","author":"Vargas-Soria","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib653","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20979","article-title":"Revenge of the \"sit\": how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity","volume":"84","author":"Vaynman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib654","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.08.001","article-title":"Interplay between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and signal transduction modulators in the regulation of the effects of exercise on synaptic-plasticity","volume":"122","author":"Vaynman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x","article-title":"Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition","volume":"20","author":"Vaynman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib656","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2016","article-title":"Physiology of Astroglia","volume":"98","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib657","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01628-9","article-title":"Astrocytes in human central nervous system diseases: a frontier for new therapies","volume":"8","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib658","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110386","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: an overview","volume":"122","author":"Viollet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond. )"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib659","first-page":"410","article-title":"Running Changes the Brain: the Long and the Short of It","volume":"32","author":"Vivar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. (Bethesda)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2012_220","article-title":"All about running: synaptic plasticity, growth factors and adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Vivar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib661","first-page":"16426","article-title":"A cAMP-response element binding protein-induced microRNA regulates neuronal morphogenesis","volume":"102","author":"Vo","year":"2005"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib662","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122772","article-title":"Nrf2, the Master Regulator of Anti-Oxidative Responses","volume":"18","author":"Vomund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib663","first-page":"536","article-title":"Born to move: a review on the impact of physical exercise on brain health and the evidence from human controlled trials","volume":"79","author":"Vorkapic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib664","article-title":"Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise training in older adults","volume":"2","author":"Voss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.044","article-title":"Fitness, but not physical activity, is related to functional integrity of brain networks associated with aging","volume":"131","author":"Voss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib666","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00496-7","article-title":"The promise of microRNA-based therapies in Alzheimer's disease: challenges and perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Walgrave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib667","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106829","article-title":"microRNA-132 regulates gene expression programs involved in microglial homeostasis","volume":"26","author":"Walgrave","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib668","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R49","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-16-0073","article-title":"Nuclear receptors and AMPK: can exercise mimetics cure diabetes?","volume":"57","author":"Wall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib669","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.003","article-title":"BDNF signaling in context: From synaptic regulation to psychiatric disorders","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.03.016","article-title":"Metformin activates an atypical PKC-CBP pathway to promote neurogenesis and enhance spatial memory formation","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00727-1","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improves cognitive impairment in mice with type 2 diabetes by regulating the MALAT1\/miR-382-3p\/BDNF signaling pathway in serum-exosomes","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib672","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3443","article-title":"The effect of physical activity interventions on cognition function in patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib673","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddae154","article-title":"The regulation of miRNAs using curcumin and other polyphenols during the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib674","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.070","article-title":"Metformin Improves Mitochondrial Respiratory Activity through Activation of AMPK","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122282","article-title":"TrkB\/BDNF signaling pathway and its small molecular agonists in CNS injury","volume":"336","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib676","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010121","article-title":"Exercise-Induced ADAR2 Protects against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through miR-34a","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib677","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.01.035","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition with MCC950 improves diabetes-mediated cognitive impairment and vasoneuronal remodeling after ischemia","volume":"142","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib678","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1419685","article-title":"The role of HDAC3 in inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"15","author":"Watson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib679","first-page":"9093","article-title":"An activity-regulated microRNA controls dendritic plasticity by down-regulating p250GAP","volume":"105","author":"Wayman","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.02242","article-title":"Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I of cancer cells to reduce tumorigenesis","volume":"3","author":"Wheaton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01070-4","article-title":"Physical Exercise and Epigenetic Modifications in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"49","author":"Widmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib682","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.003","article-title":"Studies of the effects of high fat diets on cognitive function in a rat model","volume":"26","author":"Winocur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib683","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210051","article-title":"Hippocampal Functional Connectivity and Memory Performance After Exercise Intervention in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"82","author":"Won","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib684","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-150019","article-title":"FNDC5\/irisin - their role in the nervous system and as a mediator for beneficial effects of exercise on the brain","volume":"1","author":"Wrann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.008","article-title":"Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1\u03b1\/FNDC5 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wrann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib686","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0333872","article-title":"Aerobic exercise improved liver steatosis by modulating miR-34a-mediated PPAR\u03b1\/SIRT1-AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib687","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07132-4","article-title":"Regular exercise ameliorates high-fat diet-induced depressive-like behaviors by activating hippocampal neuronal autophagy and enhancing synaptic plasticity","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib688","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106559","article-title":"Neferine alleviates memory and cognitive dysfunction in diabetic mice through modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and alleviation of endoplasmic-reticulum stress","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib689","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80611-X","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1","volume":"98","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.05.004","article-title":"Metformin inhibition of mitochondrial ATP and DNA synthesis abrogates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pulmonary inflammation","volume":"54","author":"Xian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02927-3","article-title":"Unleashing the potential of exercise: conquering cardiovascular disease by targeting inflammasome activation","volume":"30","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib692","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2015.08.009","article-title":"Insulin resistance-induced hyperglycemia decreased the activation of Akt\/CREB in hippocampus neurons: Molecular evidence for mechanism of diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction","volume":"54","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09771-4","article-title":"Regulation of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in health and diseases","volume":"51","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib694","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030437","article-title":"The Impact of Motor-Cognitive Dual-Task Training on Physical and Cognitive Functions in Parkinson's Disease","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1397352","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus-mediated microRNA delivery and therapeutics","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib696","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.10.008","article-title":"BDNF (I)rising from exercise","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib697","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1464159","article-title":"Exercise intervention on the brain structure and function of patients with mild cognitive impairment: systematic review based on magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib698","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.08.007","article-title":"Protection of the enhanced Nrf2 deacetylation and its downstream transcriptional activity by SIRT1 in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"342","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib699","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01275-w","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02253-4","article-title":"Mitochondria in oxidative stress, inflammation and aging: from mechanisms to therapeutic advances","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100944","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 144 prospective studies","volume":"55","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Res. Rev."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13421","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801613105","article-title":"miR-34a repression of SIRT1 regulates apoptosis","volume":"105","author":"Yamakuchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib703","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12001","article-title":"Redox imbalance stress in diabetes mellitus: Role of the polyol pathway","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Model. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib704","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03571-5","article-title":"Metformin regulates chondrocyte senescence and proliferation through microRNA-34a\/SIRT1 pathway in osteoarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.29680","article-title":"Metformin Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome via AMPK\/mTOR-dependent Effects in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib706","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-024-01361-4","article-title":"Berberine improves cognitive impairment by alleviating brain atrophy and promoting white matter reorganization in diabetic db\/db mice: a magnetic resonance imaging-based study","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib707","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1328-5","article-title":"Abnormal serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 is associated with tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies","volume":"128","author":"Yarchoan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib708","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1273342","article-title":"Integrative profiling of metabolome and transcriptome of skeletal muscle after acute exercise intervention in mice","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib709","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4959523","article-title":"Role of MicroRNA in Governing Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"2016","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0589","article-title":"Chronic type 2 diabetes reduces the integrity of the blood-brain barrier by reducing tight junction proteins in the hippocampus","volume":"78","author":"Yoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00083","article-title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of High Fat Diet Fed Mouse Brain Cortex","volume":"10","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"issue":"6547","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib712","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe9985","article-title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women","volume":"372","author":"Yoshino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.010","article-title":"Canonical Nlrp3 inflammasome links systemic low-grade inflammation to functional decline in aging","volume":"18","author":"Youm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3804","article-title":"The ketone metabolite \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"21","author":"Youm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0408-3","article-title":"Metformin improves the angiogenic functions of endothelial progenitor cells via activating AMPK\/eNOS pathway in diabetic mice","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07549-5","article-title":"SIRT7-mediated NRF2 deacetylation promotes antioxidant response and protects against chemodrug-induced liver injury","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib717","article-title":"Metformin Protects against Spinal Cord Injury and Cell Pyroptosis via AMPK\/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal Cell Pathol (Amst)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib718","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0051-5","article-title":"Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib719","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03226-5","article-title":"BDNF signaling during the lifetime of dendritic spines","volume":"382","author":"Zagrebelsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.226357","article-title":"Plasma microRNA profiling reveals loss of endothelial miR-126 and other microRNAs in type 2 diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Zampetaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030522","article-title":"Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation with MCC950 Ameliorates Diabetic Encephalopathy in db\/db Mice","volume":"23","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib722","article-title":"The mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its pharmacological inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib723","article-title":"Metformin use is associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment in adults with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib724","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9313436","article-title":"Betaine Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Hyperactivation and Regulates Microglial M1\/M2 Phenotypic Differentiation, Thereby Attenuating Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depression-Like Behavior","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S286430","article-title":"Effects of Metformin on the Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib726","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.139258","article-title":"Targeting sirtuins in neurological disorders: A comprehensive review","volume":"292","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib727","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910866","article-title":"Research Progress of Mitochondrial Mechanism in NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Exercise Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0189","article-title":"Association between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Brain Atrophy: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040816","article-title":"The Anti-Aging Mechanism of Metformin: From Molecular Insights to Clinical Applications","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib730","article-title":"Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Key Antioxidant Mechanisms in","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib731","article-title":"Exercise and Metformin Intervention Prevents Lipotoxicity-Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Alleviating Oxidative and ER Stress and Activating the AMPK\/Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in db\/db Mice","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib732","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02283-w","article-title":"Anxiolytic effect of antidiabetic metformin is mediated by AMPK activation in mPFC inhibitory neurons","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib733","article-title":"The impact of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction on diabetic microvascular complications","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib734","article-title":"Metformin Restores Mitochondrial Function and Neurogenesis in POLG Patient-Derived Brain Organoids","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh. )"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610451","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Different Exercise Modes on Inflammatory Response in the Elderly","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib736","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108127","article-title":"Effects of exercise, metformin and their combination on glucose metabolism in individuals with abnormal glycaemic control: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib737","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2942-3","article-title":"Low BDNF is associated with cognitive deficits in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"227","author":"Zhen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl. )"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib738","first-page":"294","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor inhibits hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and downregulation of synaptic plasticity-related proteins in hippocampal neurons via the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"43","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13505","article-title":"Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"7329","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.12.036","article-title":"Exercise-driven cellular autophagy: A bridge to systematic wellness","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.09.018","article-title":"Treadmill exercise training alleviates diabetes-induced depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment by improving hippocampal CA1 neurons injury in db\/db mice","volume":"190","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib743","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01567-1","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila, which is enriched in the gut microbiota by metformin, improves cognitive function in aged mice by reducing the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib744","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0775-x","article-title":"Diabetes and Cognitive Impairment","volume":"16","author":"Zilliox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922_bib745","first-page":"15983","article-title":"AMP kinase is required for mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to chronic energy deprivation","volume":"99","author":"Zong","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426003799?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426003799?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:40:40Z","timestamp":1790257240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763426003799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":745,"alternative-id":["S0149763426003799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Title: Gene expression, neuroinflammation, and neural plasticity in type 2 diabetes: Translational insights from exercise and cognitive modulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106922","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106922"}}