{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T16:40:59Z","timestamp":1792341659296,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T14:47:06Z","timestamp":1788706026000},"page":"106951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effect of psychedelics on associative learning: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"191","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6033-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Caulfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3737-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorraine","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6900-2678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Belessiotis-Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3690-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Famia","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3293-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire J.","family":"Foldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan H.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitul A.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.017","article-title":"Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: a systematic review","volume":"113","author":"Aday","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29230-2","article-title":"Selective and divergent regulation of cortical 5-HT2A receptors in rabbit","volume":"299","author":"Aloyo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112861","article-title":"Acute serotonin 2A receptor activation impairs behavioral flexibility in mice","volume":"395","author":"Amodeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13249","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: a systematic review of modern-era clinical studies","volume":"143","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403621","article-title":"Acquisition of conditioned avoidance response in rats under the influence of addicting drugs","volume":"22","author":"Banerjee","year":"1971","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-5402(82)90042-0","article-title":"A screening method for substances potentially active on learning and memory","volume":"8","author":"Banfi","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000569","article-title":"Conditioned place preference: what does it add to our preclinical understanding of drug reward?","volume":"153","author":"Bardo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1382","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525586113","article-title":"Presynaptic serotonin 2A receptors modulate thalamocortical plasticity and associative learning","volume":"113","author":"Barre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59282-y","article-title":"Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin","volume":"10","author":"Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00423191","article-title":"Facilitation of avoidance acquisition by LSD-25: possible effects on drive modulating systems","volume":"25","author":"Bignami","year":"1972","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114565144","article-title":"Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"29","author":"Bogenschutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.78804","article-title":"Context and behavioral processes in extinction","volume":"11","author":"Bouton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP105968","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.105968","article-title":"Modeling the hallucinatory effects of classical psychedelics in terms of replay-dependent plasticity mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Bredenberg","year":"2026","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"aop","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Single-dose psychedelic enhances cognitive flexibility and reversal learning in mice weeks after administration","volume":"1","author":"Brouns","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychedelics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114531666","article-title":"Repeated lysergic acid diethylamide in an animal model of depression: normalisation of learning behaviour and hippocampal serotonin 5-HT2 signalling","volume":"28","author":"Buchborn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01389-z","article-title":"Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity","volume":"48","author":"Calder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00692","article-title":"Chronic, intermittent microdoses of the psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) produce positive effects on mood and anxiety in rodents","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00134","article-title":"Effects of N, N-dimethyltryptamine on rat behaviors relevant to anxiety and depression","volume":"9","author":"Cameron","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116662634","article-title":"Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: acute and enduring positive and negative consequences","volume":"30","author":"Carbonaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4771-x","article-title":"Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up","volume":"235","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.017160","article-title":"REBUS and the anarchic brain: toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics","volume":"71","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118754710","article-title":"Psychedelics and the essential importance of context","volume":"32","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110034","article-title":"The influence of psilocybin on subconscious and conscious emotional learning","volume":"27","author":"Casanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427746","article-title":"Effects of mescaline and psilocin on acquisition, consolidation, and performance of light-dark discrimination in two inbred strains of mice","volume":"59","author":"Castellano","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427128","article-title":"Effects of LSD-25 on avoidance behavior and locomotor activity in mice","volume":"62","author":"Castellano","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00561","article-title":"Ayahuasca and its DMT-and \u03b2-carbolines\u2013containing ingredients block the expression of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in mice: Role of the treatment environment","volume":"9","author":"Cata-Preta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3579-0","article-title":"Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning","volume":"228","author":"Catlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1037\/h0041139","article-title":"Effects of mescaline sulfate on extinction of conditional avoidance response (CAR)","volume":"54","author":"Chorover","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"issue":"5672","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094987","article-title":"Cognitive inflexibility after prefrontal serotonin depletion","volume":"304","author":"Clarke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.11.016","article-title":"Activation of 5-HT2a receptors in the basolateral amygdala promotes defeat-induced anxiety and the acquisition of conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters","volume":"90","author":"Clinard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib31","unstructured":"Compass Pathways. (2025). Compass Pathways Successfully Achieves Primary Endpoint in First Phase 3 Trial Evaluating COMP360 Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Compass Pathways. Retrieved 03\/08\/2026 from https:\/\/ir.compasspathways.com\/News--Events-\/news\/news-details\/2025\/Compass-Pathways-Successfully-Achieves-Primary-Endpoint-in-First-Phase-3-Trial-Evaluating-COMP360-Psilocybin-for-Treatment-Resistant-Depression\/default.aspx?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib32","unstructured":"Compass Pathways. (2026). Compass Pathways Successfully Achieves Primary Endpoint in Second Phase 3 Trial Evaluating COMP360 Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Retrieved 21\/05\/2026 from https:\/\/ir.compasspathways.com\/News--Events-\/news\/news-details\/2026\/Compass-Pathways-Successfully-Achieves-Primary-Endpoint-in-Second-Phase-3-Trial-Evaluating-COMP360-Psilocybin-for-Treatment-Resistant-Depression\/default.aspx."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02575-9","article-title":"Psilocybin restrains activity-based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility: contributions from 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Conn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285","article-title":"Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105538","article-title":"Synthetic surprise as the foundation of the psychedelic experience","author":"De Filippo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724606","article-title":"Psychedelics and neuroplasticity: a systematic review unraveling the biological underpinnings of psychedelics","volume":"12","author":"De Vos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib37","unstructured":"Definium Therapeutics. (2026). Definium Therapeutics Announces Positive Topline Results from Phase 3 Emerge Study of DT120 Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT) in Major Depressive Disorder. Definium Therapeutics. Retrieved 03\/08\/2026 from https:\/\/ir.definiumtx.com\/news-events\/press-releases\/detail\/232\/definium-therapeutics-announces-positive-topline-results-from-phase-3-emerge-study-of-dt120-orally-disintegrating-tablet-odt-in-major-depressive-disorder."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00407861","article-title":"Effects of psychoactive agents on acquisition of conditioned pole jumping in rats","volume":"8","author":"Domino","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02106-4","article-title":"How psychedelics modulate multiple memory mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"84","author":"Doss","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01706-y","article-title":"Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Doss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002647","article-title":"Psilocybin facilitates fear extinction in mice by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity","volume":"136","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib42","series-title":"Psychedelic psychiatry: LSD from clinic to campus","author":"Dyck","year":"2008"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145840","article-title":"Effects of long-term ayahuasca administration on memory and anxiety in rats","volume":"10","author":"Favaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS. One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03103-7","article-title":"Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behaviour in rats","volume":"14","author":"Fisher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03548-5","article-title":"The hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (d-LSD) induces the immediate-early gene c-Fos in rat forebrain","volume":"958","author":"Frankel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00912","article-title":"Active inference: a process theory","volume":"29","author":"Friston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109836","article-title":"Prolonged epigenomic and synaptic plasticity alterations following single exposure to a psychedelic in mice","volume":"37","author":"de la Fuente Revenga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4100-03.2004","article-title":"Role of the basolateral amygdala in the storage of fear memories across the adult lifetime of rats","volume":"24","author":"Gale","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000113","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases","volume":"202","author":"Gasser","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114865","article-title":"Ayahuasca blocks ethanol preference in an animal model of dependence and shows no acute toxicity","volume":"285","author":"Gianfratti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432742","article-title":"Inescapable shock alters mescaline's disruption of active avoidance acquisition","volume":"74","author":"Gibbons","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)31571-5","article-title":"Effects of LSD on learning as measured by classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response","volume":"208","author":"Gimpl","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077707","article-title":"Sensory and associative effects of LSD in classical conditioning of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response","volume":"94","author":"Gormezano","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00435304","article-title":"Sensory and associative effects of LSD on classical appetitive conditioning of the rabbit jaw movement response","volume":"70","author":"Gormezano","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513","article-title":"Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2358-5","article-title":"Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects","volume":"218","author":"Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117731279","article-title":"Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors","volume":"32","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0457-5","article-title":"Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance","volume":"187","author":"Griffiths","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116","article-title":"Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer","volume":"68","author":"Grob","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. General. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab040","article-title":"A complex impact of systemically administered 5-HT2A receptor ligands on conditioned fear","volume":"24","author":"Hags\u00e4ter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017","article-title":"Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens","volume":"61","author":"Halberstadt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib62","first-page":"333","article-title":"A review of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) and an exploratory study of subjects claiming symptoms of HPPD","author":"Halpern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Neurobiol. Psychedelic Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(88)90477-7","article-title":"Effects of LSD on classical conditioning as a function of CS-UCS interval: relationship to reflex facilitation","volume":"30","author":"Harvey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1687-4","article-title":"Selective remodeling of rabbit frontal cortex: relationship between 5-HT 2A receptor density and associative learning","volume":"172","author":"Harvey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029047","article-title":"A double dissociation in the effects of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors on the acquisition and expression of conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters","volume":"126","author":"Harvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"729","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadi2403","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adi2403","article-title":"Rapid-acting antidepressant drugs modulate affective bias in rats","volume":"16","author":"Hinchcliffe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.09.004","article-title":"Priors in perception: Top-down modulation, Bayesian perceptual learning rate, and prediction error minimization","volume":"47","author":"Hohwy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","article-title":"SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6773(75)91555-2","article-title":"Relations between orienting, pseudoconditioned and conditioned responses in the shuttle-box\u2014a pharmacological analysis by means of LSD and dibenamine","volume":"15","author":"Izquierdo","year":"1975","journal-title":"Behav. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6773(76)91772-7","article-title":"A pharmacological separation of buzzer-shock pairing and of the shuttle-shock contingency as factors in the elicitation of shuttle responses to a buzzer in rats","volume":"18","author":"Izquierdo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Behav. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.03.021","article-title":"The neural basis of reversal learning: An updated perspective","volume":"345","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2024.107954","article-title":"Effects of psilocybin on uncertain punishment learning","volume":"213","author":"Jacobs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.06.012","article-title":"The polypharmacology of psychedelics reveals multiple targets for potential therapeutics","volume":"113","author":"Jain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.11.009","article-title":"Psilocybin triggers an activity-dependent rewiring of large-scale cortical networks","volume":"189","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2016.1170135","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation","volume":"43","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug. Alcohol. Abus."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6434","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002963","article-title":"Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on reinforcement learning in humans","volume":"53","author":"Kanen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01744-8","article-title":"Psilocybin analog 4-OH-DiPT enhances fear extinction and GABAergic inhibition of principal neurons in the basolateral amygdala","volume":"49","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(97)00004-1","article-title":"The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression: an update","volume":"74","author":"Kelly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol. & Ther."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245147","article-title":"From egoism to ecoism: Psychedelics increase nature relatedness in a state-mediated and context-dependent manner","volume":"16","author":"Kettner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1974.tb08611.x","article-title":"Reversal learning enhanced by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): concomitant rise in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine levels","volume":"52","author":"King","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00189","article-title":"Avoidance learning: a review of theoretical models and recent developments","volume":"9","author":"Krypotos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23234","article-title":"LSD-induced entropic brain activity predicts subsequent personality change","volume":"37","author":"Lebedev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human. brain Mapp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.166","article-title":"The birth, death and resurrection of avoidance: a reconceptualization of a troubled paradigm","volume":"22","author":"LeDoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.10.009","article-title":"Neural circuits and mechanisms involved in fear generalization: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"60","author":"Lopresto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. & Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.022","article-title":"Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Ly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-71962-3","article-title":"Human brain changes after first psilocybin use","volume":"17","author":"Lyons","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0324-9","article-title":"Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels","volume":"44","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3492","article-title":"The contextual brain: implications for fear conditioning, extinction and psychopathology","volume":"14","author":"Maren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of psychedelic, DOI, on nucleus accumbens dopamine signaling to predictable rewards and cues in rats","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01335-5","article-title":"Spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure","volume":"11","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.582147","article-title":"Drug-induced conditioned place preference and its practical use in substance use disorder research","volume":"14","author":"McKendrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01316-5","article-title":"Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB","volume":"26","author":"Moliner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1110","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of psilocybin in 9 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"67","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01064-4","article-title":"Behavioral and neural analysis of extinction","volume":"36","author":"Myers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001939","article-title":"Mechanisms of fear extinction","volume":"12","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7966","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06204-3","article-title":"Psychedelics reopen the social reward learning critical period","volume":"618","author":"Nardou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00405-5","article-title":"A single dose of lysergic acid diethylamide influences gene expression patterns within the mammalian brain","volume":"26","author":"Nichols","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10167","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809298115","article-title":"Dopaminergic basis for signaling belief updates, but not surprise, and the link to paranoia","volume":"115","author":"Nour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000626","article-title":"The selective 5-HT2A receptor agonist 25CN-NBOH does not affect reversal learning in mice","volume":"32","author":"Odland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.1c00812","article-title":"Biochemical mechanisms underlying psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity","volume":"61","author":"Olson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05328-7","article-title":"Effects of the synthetic psychedelic 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) on ethanol consumption and place conditioning in male mice","volume":"236","author":"Oppong-Damoah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib102","series-title":"The trials of psychedelic therapy: LSD psychotherapy in America","author":"Oram","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib103","first-page":"372","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"bmj"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001356","article-title":"Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Palhano-Fontes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib105","series-title":"Active inference: the free energy principle in mind, brain, and behavior","author":"Parr","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972-7531.1017309","article-title":"Conditioned reflexes: an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex","volume":"17","author":"Pavlov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.111","article-title":"Theories of associative learning in animals","volume":"52","author":"Pearce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01324-2","article-title":"Effects of a psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist on anxiety-related behavior and fear processing in mice","volume":"47","author":"P\u0119dzich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4907-7","article-title":"Selective effects of 5-HT2C receptor modulation on performance of a novel valence-probe visual discrimination task and probabilistic reversal learning in mice","volume":"235","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002393","article-title":"LSD acutely impairs working memory, executive functions, and cognitive flexibility, but not risk-based decision-making","volume":"50","author":"Pokorny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.35082","article-title":"Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor","volume":"7","author":"Preller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib112","unstructured":"Prus, A.J., James, J.R., & Rosecrans, J.A. (2011). Conditioned place preference."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030511","article-title":"The predictive nature of individual differences in early associative learning and emerging social behavior","volume":"7","author":"Reeb-Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS. One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05609-6","article-title":"Ayahuasca blocks the reinstatement of methylphenidate-induced conditioned place preference in mice: behavioral and brain Fos expression evaluations","volume":"237","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib115","first-page":"64","article-title":"A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement","volume":"2","author":"Rescorla","year":"1972","journal-title":"Class. Cond. Curr. Res. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib116","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction linked to bidirectional modulation of cortical ensembles","author":"Rogers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2004-7","article-title":"Intrahippocampal LSD accelerates learning and desensitizes the 5-HT 2A receptor in the rabbit, Romano et al","volume":"212","author":"Romano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0245-7","article-title":"Effect of serotonin depletion on 5-HT 2A-mediated learning in the rabbit: evidence for constitutive activity of the 5-HT 2A receptor in vivo","volume":"184","author":"Romano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00974","article-title":"Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"8","author":"Roseman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(73)90025-7","article-title":"Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on simple instrumental conditioning, extinction and discrimination learning in the rat","volume":"1","author":"Rosen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675512","article-title":"Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib122","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lasting dynamic effects of the psychedelic 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine ((\u00b1)-DOI) on cognitive flexibility","author":"\u0160abanovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000436","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a SPECT study","volume":"36","author":"Sanches","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6989(74)80037-8","article-title":"Facilitation of avoidance behaviour by LSD-25 and mescaline in hamsters","volume":"6","author":"Sansone","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(85)90483-6","article-title":"Effects of morphine and LSD on the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response","volume":"22","author":"Schindler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90187-5","article-title":"Effect of LSD on acquisition, maintenance, extinction and differentiation of conditioned responses","volume":"24","author":"Schindler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4733-3","article-title":"Long-lasting subjective effects of LSD in normal subjects","volume":"235","author":"Schmid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5306","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.272","article-title":"Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia","volume":"10","author":"Schultz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"issue":"8067","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08813-6","article-title":"Psilocybin\u2019s lasting action requires pyramidal cell types and 5-HT2A receptors","volume":"642","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04381-8","article-title":"Early deprivation disruption of associative learning is a developmental pathway to depression and social problems","volume":"9","author":"Sheridan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03335866","article-title":"Evidence for state-dependent learning with mescaline in a passive avoidance task","volume":"25","author":"Siegel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Psychon. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.184","article-title":"Dissociable roles of prelimbic and infralimbic cortices, ventral hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala in the expression and extinction of conditioned fear","volume":"36","author":"Sierra-Mercado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.010","article-title":"The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib135","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"bmj"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(78)90030-8","article-title":"The indole hallucinogens, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), have different effects from mescaline on rat shuttlebox avoidance","volume":"17","author":"Stoff","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422562","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of LSD and 3, 4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine on shuttlebox escape\/avoidance in rats","volume":"36","author":"Stoff","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07983.x","article-title":"A study of the role of noradrenaline in behavioural changes produced in the rat by psychotomimetic drugs","volume":"35","author":"Sugrue","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib139","volume":"1","author":"Sutton","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib140","series-title":"Reinforcement learning: An introduction","author":"Sutton","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib141","article-title":"Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals","volume":"2","author":"Thorndike","year":"1898","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev. Monogr. Suppl."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01545-z","article-title":"Acute psilocybin enhances cognitive flexibility in rats","volume":"48","author":"Torrado Pacheco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14054","article-title":"Psilocin suppresses methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and acquisition of conditioned place preference via D2R-mediated ERK signaling","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. & Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421110","article-title":"The effect of \u03b4 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and LSD on the acquisition of an active avoidance response in the rat","volume":"46","author":"Waser","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00436-X","article-title":"Effects of LSD, ritanserin, 8-OH-DPAT, and lisuride on classical conditioning in the rabbit","volume":"59","author":"Welsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105899","article-title":"Psychedelics: A review of their effects on recalled aversive memories and fear\/anxiety expression in rodents","volume":"167","author":"Werle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. & Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16315","article-title":"Ayahuasca-enhanced extinction of fear behaviour: Role of infralimbic cortex 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors","volume":"181","author":"Werle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.01.114","article-title":"LSD, afterglow and hangover: Increased episodic memory and verbal fluency, decreased cognitive flexibility","volume":"58","author":"Wie\u00dfner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244617","article-title":"5HT-2 mediation of acute behavioral effects of hallucinogens in rats","volume":"100","author":"Wing","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.4c00279","article-title":"Psilocybin facilitates fear extinction: importance of dose, context, and serotonin receptors","volume":"15","author":"Woodburn","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.06.007","article-title":"Stimulation of serotonin 2A receptors facilitates consolidation and extinction of fear memory in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426004082?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426004082?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:55:34Z","timestamp":1792338934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763426004082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":151,"alternative-id":["S0149763426004082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effect of psychedelics on associative learning: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106951","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106951"}}