{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T16:40:57Z","timestamp":1792341657766,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-01129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-01129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226793\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226793\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:10:16Z","timestamp":1788995416000},"page":"106967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The key dimensions of human action: Content and form"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Rizzolatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Friston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Di Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1644","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib1","article-title":"Action observation treatment: a novel tool in neurorehabilitation","volume":"369","author":"Buccino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1790974","article-title":"Behavioral contagion in social games: how others' attitude modulate our actions","volume":"17","author":"Carapelli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12222","article-title":"Stereo-electroencephalography safety and effectiveness: Some more reasons in favor of epilepsy surgery","volume":"54","author":"Cardinale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73364-x","article-title":"Vitality form expression in autism","volume":"10","author":"Casartelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.112","article-title":"ALE meta-analysis of action observation and imitation in the human brain","volume":"50","author":"Caspers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","article-title":"How do you feel\u2014now? The anterior insula and human awareness","volume":"10","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21361","article-title":"Robotic movement preferentially engages the action observation network","volume":"33","author":"Cross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Possible principles for aligned structure learning agents","author":"Da Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.121714","article-title":"An intracranial insight into (the timing of) the action observation network","volume":"327","author":"Del Vecchio","year":"2026","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib10","article-title":"Communicative and affective components in processing auditory vitality forms: An fMRI study","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib11","article-title":"Expressing our internal states and understanding those of others","volume":"112","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst068","article-title":"The neural correlates of \u201cvitality form\u201d recognition: an fMRI study","volume":"9","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.017","article-title":"Understanding the internal states of others by listening to action verbs","volume":"89","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib14","article-title":"Bridging feeling and motion: Insula-premotor dynamics in the processing of action vitality forms","volume":"122","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib15","article-title":"Two distinct networks for encoding goals and forms of action: An effective connectivity study","volume":"121","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib16","article-title":"The middle cingulate cortex and dorso-central insula: a mirror circuit encoding observation and execution of vitality forms","volume":"118","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib17","article-title":"Insula connections with the parieto-frontal circuit for generating arm actions in humans and macaque monkeys","volume":"2018","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50609-y","article-title":"Understanding the attitude of others by hearing action sounds: the role of the insula","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73728-3","article-title":"How attitudes generated by humanoid robots shape human brain activity","volume":"10","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.03.025","article-title":"Active inference, communication and hermeneutics","volume":"68","author":"Friston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex a J. devoted Study Nerv. Syst. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00202-7","article-title":"Dynamic causal modelling","volume":"19","author":"Friston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib22","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences","article-title":"Neural Hermeneutics","author":"Frith","year":"2013"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.593","article-title":"Action recognition in the premotor cortex","volume":"119","author":"Gallese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain a J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib24","series-title":"Observation-related activity in human motor cortex increases with effector anthropomorphicity","author":"Gusman","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of action: Comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution","volume":"94","author":"Hardwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa151","article-title":"A hierarchical model for interpersonal verbal communication","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib27","series-title":"Nonverbal communication in human interaction","author":"Knapp","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib28","unstructured":"Lanillos, P.; Meo, C.; Pezzato, C.; Meera, A.A.; Baioumy, M.; Ohata, W.; Tschantz, A.; Millidge, B.; Wisse, M.; Buckley, C.L.; Tani, J., (n.d.)Active Inference in Robotics and Artificial Agents: Survey and Challenges. ArXiv 2021, abs\/2112.01871."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.07.004","article-title":"Brain regions with mirror properties: a meta-analysis of 125 human fMRI studies","volume":"36","author":"Molenberghs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.02.045","article-title":"Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions","volume":"20","author":"Mukamel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Biol. CB"},{"issue":"1771","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib31","article-title":"Predictive learning: its key role in early cognitive development","volume":"374","author":"Nagai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22746","article-title":"Feeling addressed! The role of body orientation and co-speech gesture in social communication","volume":"36","author":"Nagels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human. brain Mapp."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22892","article-title":"Intracranial recordings reveal transient response dynamics during information maintenance in human cerebral cortex","volume":"36","author":"Noy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230","article-title":"The mirror-neuron system","volume":"27","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87919-z","article-title":"The neural bases of tactile vitality forms and their modulation by social context","volume":"11","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6410(95)00038-0","article-title":"Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions","volume":"3","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"1996","journal-title":"brain Res. Cogn. brain Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.135","article-title":"The mirror mechanism: A basic principle of brain function","volume":"17","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.002","article-title":"Impaired vitality form recognition in autism","volume":"51","author":"Rochat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr025","article-title":"The thing that should not be: predictive coding and the uncanny valley in perceiving human and humanoid robot actions","volume":"7","author":"Saygin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118182","article-title":"The role of the left and right inferior frontal gyrus in processing metaphoric and unrelated co-speech gestures","volume":"237","author":"Steines","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib41","series-title":"The Interpersonal World of the Infant","author":"Stern","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib42","series-title":"Forms of vitality: Exploring dynamic experience in psychology, the arts, psychotherapy, and development","author":"Stern","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-025-01333-3","article-title":"Robot Behavior Generation for Social Human-Robot Interaction","volume":"17","author":"Valls Mascaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118502","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3442863","article-title":"Humanoid Attitudes Influence Humans in Video and Live Interactions","volume":"12","author":"Vannucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00417","article-title":"A World Unto Itself: Human Communication as Active Inference","volume":"11","author":"Vasil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967_bib46","article-title":"Functional organization of the primary motor cortex in psychosis and the potential role of intereffector regions in psychomotor slowing","volume":"122","author":"Walther","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426004240?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0149763426004240?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:56:15Z","timestamp":1792338975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0149763426004240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0149763426004240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-7634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-7634","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The key dimensions of human action: Content and form","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106967","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106967"}}