{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:59:54Z","timestamp":1790272794507,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurochirurgie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T17:11:24Z","timestamp":1774545084000},"page":"101804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Imaging of spinal metastases: modality performance, complications, and differential diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin","family":"Beaufort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Lefevre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibault","family":"Carsuzaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0005","series-title":"Evidence reviews for investigations \u2013 diagnosis: Spinal metastases and metastatic spinal cord compression: Evidence review F","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0010","first-page":"2","article-title":"Imaging of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-022-02784-0","article-title":"Review of imaging techniques for evaluating morphological and functional responses to the treatment of bone metastases in prostate and breast cancer","volume":"24","author":"Orcajo-Rincon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-024-03765-1","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of imaging modalities for detection of spinal metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Harlianto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0025","series-title":"Bone Metastases: A translational and clinical approach","first-page":"163","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Of Metastatic Bone Disease","author":"Solomou","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133289","article-title":"State-of-the-art imaging techniques in metastatic spinal cord compression","volume":"14","author":"Kuah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04022-8","article-title":"Society of Skeletal Radiology\u2013 white paper. Guidelines for the diagnostic management of incidental solitary Bone lesions on CT and MRI in adults: Bone reporting and data system (Bone-RADS)","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0040","series-title":"Roentgen Diagnosis of Diseases of Bone","author":"Edeiken","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2221-4","article-title":"Diagnosis of bone metastases: a meta-analysis comparing 18FDG PET, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0050","article-title":"Winking owl sign: Unilateral absent pedicle","author":"Ridley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.11.039","article-title":"Detection of osseous metastases of the spine: comparison of high resolution multi-detector-CT with MRI","volume":"69","author":"Buhmann Kirchhoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ro.2020.07.013","article-title":"Dual-energy CT of musculoskeletal trauma","volume":"56","author":"Baffour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-025-05053-7","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy CT virtual non-calcium imaging for detecting spinal metastases: a retrospective comparison with conventional CT","volume":"55","author":"Nakashima","year":"2026","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-020-01753-w","article-title":"Dual energy CT can aid in the emergent differentiation of acute traumatic and pathologic fractures of the pelvis and long bones","volume":"27","author":"Issa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.05.034","article-title":"Dual layer computed tomography: reduction of metal artefacts from posterior spinal fusion using virtual monoenergetic imaging","volume":"105","author":"Dangelmaier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.19757","article-title":"Clinical assessment of metal artifact reduction methods in dual-energy CT examinations of instrumented spines","volume":"212","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.222432","article-title":"Clinical applications of photon-counting CT: a review of pioneer studies and a glimpse into the future","volume":"309","author":"Douek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-007-9027-x","article-title":"Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphy in patients with metastatic breast cancer of the axial skeleton: a comparative study","volume":"25","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.11.2.2028061","article-title":"Detection of vertebral metastases: comparison between MR imaging and bone scintigraphy","volume":"11","author":"Algra","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0100","first-page":"281","article-title":"MR evaluation of vertebral metastases: T1-weighted, short-inversion-time inversion recovery, fast spin-echo, and inversion-recovery fast spin-echo sequences","volume":"16","author":"Mehta","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s43055-022-00861-6","article-title":"Dixon chemical shift MR sequences for demonstrating of bone marrow vertebral metastasis","volume":"53","author":"Zarad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2018.17320","article-title":"FSE T2-weighted two-point Dixon technique for fat suppression in the lumbar spine: comparison with SPAIR technique","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851221146130","article-title":"Dixon T2 imaging of vertebral bone edema: reliability and comparison with short tau inversion recovery","volume":"65","author":"Dagestad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2021.01.013","article-title":"T2-weighted Dixon MRI of the spine: a feasibility study of quantitative vertebral bone marrow analysis","volume":"102","author":"Donners","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.11.037","article-title":"Diagnostic value of apparent diffusion coefficients to differentiate benign from malignant vertebral bone marrow lesions","volume":"69","author":"Balliu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s43055-022-00827-8","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in differentiation between different vertebral lesions using ADC mapping as a quantitative assessment tool","volume":"53","author":"Allam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09007-8","article-title":"Whole-body MRI in oncology: can a single anatomic T2 Dixon sequence replace the combination of T1 and STIR sequences to detect skeletal metastasis and myeloma?","volume":"33","author":"Chiabai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11564-7","article-title":"Influence of imaging method on fat fraction estimation for assessing bone marrow in metastatic prostate cancer","volume":"35","author":"Azma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0145","first-page":"7266","article-title":"Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging is superior to skeletal scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastatic tumors: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.59667\/sjoranm.v25i1.16","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of 18F-NaF PET\/CT versus99mTc bone scintigraphy for detection of skeletal metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Quazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Swiss J Rad Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2013.01.002","article-title":"Comparison of 18 FDG PET-CT and bone scintigraphy for detection of bone metastases in breast cancer patients. A meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Rong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.234260","article-title":"Molecular imaging of bone metastases and their response to therapy","volume":"61","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462323001022","article-title":"OP82 positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography using 18F-sodium fluoride","volume":"39","author":"Aimanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-019-03230-z","article-title":"Comparison of PSMA-PET\/CT, choline-PET\/CT, NaF-PET\/CT, MRI, and bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0175","article-title":"Impact of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) and pathological vertebral compression fracture (pVCF) in neurological and survival prognosis","author":"Amelot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0293","article-title":"The NOMS framework: approach to the treatment of spinal metastatic tumors","volume":"18","author":"Laufer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0185","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures using conventional and advanced MRI techniques","volume":"1","author":"Romeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJR Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09459","article-title":"Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale","volume":"13","author":"Bilsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"SPI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E448","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002378","article-title":"Analysis of the Relationship Between the Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (ESCC) scale and paralysis caused by metastatic spine tumors","volume":"43","author":"Uei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211000322","article-title":"Simple and reliable magnetic resonance imaging parameter to predict postoperative ambulatory function in patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Spine Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2025.110285","article-title":"Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression approached by MRI: could it predict neurological peril?","volume":"51","author":"Beaufort","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E422","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001308","article-title":"New magnetic resonance imaging features predictive for post-treatment ambulatory function: imaging analysis of metastatic spinal cord compression","volume":"41","author":"Oshima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.12.007","article-title":"New imaging characteristics for predicting postoperative neurologic status in patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. A retrospective analysis of 81 cases","volume":"17","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1221","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e16ae2","article-title":"A novel classification system for spinal instability in neoplastic disease: an evidence-based approach and expert consensus from the spine oncology study group","volume":"35","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0758-y","article-title":"Modic changes: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2015.9.5.776","article-title":"Role of magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating spondylitis from vertebral metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Yueniwati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3948","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MRI \u201cClaw Sign\u201d improves differentiation of infectious from degenerative Modic type 1 signal changes of the spine","volume":"35","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010078","article-title":"Proton density fat fraction spine MRI for differentiation of erosive vertebral endplate degeneration and infectious spondylitis","volume":"12","author":"Schmeel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-2035-y","article-title":"A systematic approach to vertebral hemangioma","volume":"44","author":"Gaudino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-023-04459-5","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging features for differentiating tuberculous from pyogenic spondylitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Ling-Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400917699426","article-title":"Multiple myeloma of the spine","volume":"30","author":"Lasocki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05396-6","article-title":"Update on aneurysmal bone cyst: pathophysiology, histology, imaging and treatment","volume":"52","author":"Restrepo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0757-z","article-title":"Imaging of brown tumours: a pictorial review","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2025.105889","article-title":"Spinal manifestations of Paget\u2019s disease: case presentation and systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Eissa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Spine"}],"container-title":["Neurochirurgie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002837702600038X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002837702600038X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T12:58:39Z","timestamp":1779454719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002837702600038X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S002837702600038X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3770","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Imaging of spinal metastases: modality performance, complications, and differential diagnosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurochirurgie","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuchi.2026.101804","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101804"}}