{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T22:28:19Z","timestamp":1776896899282,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurochemistry International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,16]],"date-time":"2011-11-16T05:51:36Z","timestamp":1321422696000},"page":"736-742","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neurological complications of acute liver failure: Pathophysiological basis of current management and emerging therapies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Liliane","family":"Mpabanzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Jalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.050","article-title":"Efficacy of l-ornithine l-aspartate in acute liver failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"136","author":"Acharya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alba, L.H.J., Angulo, P., Lee, W.M., 2002. Lactulose therapy in acute liver failure. J. Hepatol.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)80097-6"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21519","article-title":"Effect of hospital volume and teaching status on outcomes of acute liver failure","volume":"14","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-6897(98)00027-X","article-title":"Transplantation of hepatocytes for prevention of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ischemic liver failure","volume":"7","author":"Arkadopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1177\/039139889802101201","article-title":"Liver assist systems: state of the art","volume":"21","author":"Arkadopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1993.01420180079015","article-title":"Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"128","author":"Ascher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.11.020","article-title":"Liver transplantation in adults with acute liver failure","volume":"40","author":"Bernal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal, W., Hall, C., Karvellas, C.J., Auzinger, G., Sizer, E., Wendon, J., 2007. Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 46(6), 1844\u20131852.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21838"},{"issue":"9736","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60274-7","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"376","author":"Bernal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.05.007","article-title":"Acute liver failure: avoidance of deleterious cofactors and early specific medical therapy for the liver are better than late intensive care for the brain","volume":"41","author":"Bernuau","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.03.017","article-title":"Prophylactic phenytoin does not improve cerebral edema or survival in acute liver failure \u2013 a controlled clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Bhatia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198512000-00010","article-title":"Tissue hypoxia during fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"13","author":"Bihari","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040595","article-title":"Cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal complications of fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"6","author":"Bihari","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-008-9116-3","article-title":"The brain in acute liver failure. A tortuous path from hyperammonemia to cerebral edema","volume":"24","author":"Bjerring","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.12.007","article-title":"Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy, synergism redefined","volume":"40","author":"Blei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80361-4","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"31","author":"Blei","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007236","article-title":"The neurobiology of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Butterworth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021989230535","article-title":"Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: a new look at ammonia","volume":"17","author":"Butterworth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butterworth, R.F., 2011a. Hepatic encephalopathy: a central neuroinflammatory disorder? Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 53(4), 1372\u20131376.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24228"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butterworth, R.F., 2011b. Neuroinflammation in acute liver failure: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Neurochem. Int.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.07.014"},{"issue":"8943","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90171-X","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"345","author":"Caraceni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, C., Gottstein, J., Blei, A.T., 2001. Indomethacin prevents the development of experimental ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 34(2), 249\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.26383"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemmesen, J.O., Larsen, F.S., Kondrup, J., Hansen, B.A., Ott, P., 1999. Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 29(3), 648\u2013653.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290309"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80135-2","article-title":"Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double blind controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Conn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500010310","article-title":"Cerebral edema and intracranial pressure monitoring","volume":"1","author":"Cordoba","year":"1995","journal-title":"Liver Transplant. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, N.A., Wright, G., Ytrebo, L.M., Stadlbauer, V., Fuskevag, O.M., Zwingmann, C., Davies, D.C., Habtesion, A., Hodges, S.J., Jalan, R., 2009. l-Ornithine and phenylacetate synergistically produce sustained reduction in ammonia and brain water in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 50(1), 155\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22897"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demetriou, A.A., Brown Jr., R.S., Busuttil, R.W., Fair, J., McGuire, B.M., Rosenthal, P., Am Esch 2nd, J.S., Lerut, J., Nyberg, S.L., Salizzoni, M., Fagan, E.A., de Hemptinne, B., Broelsch, C.E., Muraca, M., Salmeron, J.M., Rabkin, J.M., Metselaar, H.J., Pratt, D., De La Mata, M., McChesney, L.P., Everson, G.T., Lavin, P.T., Stevens, A.C., Pitkin, Z., Solomon, B.A., 2004. Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure. Ann. Surg. 239(5), 660\u2013667 (discussion 667\u2013670).","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000124298.74199.e5"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(86)80007-1","article-title":"Controlled hyperventilation in the prevention of cerebral oedema in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"2","author":"Ede","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, A.J., Wendon, J.A., Williams, R., 2000. Subclinical seizure activity and prophylactic phenytoin infusion in acute liver failure: a controlled clinical trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 32(3), 536\u2013541.","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.9775"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.02.043","article-title":"Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as a two-stage procedure for toxic liver: case reports","volume":"40","author":"Ferraz-Neto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forbes, A., Alexander, G.J., O\u2019Grady, J.G., Keays, R., Gullan, R., Dawling, S., Williams, R., 1989. Thiopental infusion in the treatment of intracranial hypertension complicating fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 10(3), 306\u2013310.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100309"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-010-9470-y","article-title":"Neurological management of fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"14","author":"Frontera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care."},{"issue":"8705","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91388-Q","article-title":"Improved outcome of paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure by late administration of acetylcysteine","volume":"335","author":"Harrison","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106273242604","article-title":"Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"324","author":"Harrison","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0708278","article-title":"Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning","volume":"359","author":"Heard","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoofnagle, J.H., Carithers Jr., R.L., Shapiro, C., Ascher, N., 1995. Fulminant hepatic failure: summary of a workshop. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 21(1), 240\u2013252.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210137"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-008-0023-0","article-title":"Review of hepatocyte transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Ito","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-42645","article-title":"Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: pathophysiological basis of rational management","volume":"23","author":"Jalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalan, R., 2005. Acute liver failure: current management and future prospects. J. Hepatol. 42(Suppl. 1), S115\u2013S123.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.11.010"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.016","article-title":"Treatment of hyperammonemia in liver failure: a tale of two enzymes","volume":"136","author":"Jalan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200108000-00008","article-title":"Hypothermia for the management of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure","volume":"7","author":"Jalan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00240-4","article-title":"Liver derived pro-inflammatory cytokines may be important in producing intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure","volume":"37","author":"Jalan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.08.005","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension","volume":"127","author":"Jalan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.06.011","article-title":"Pathogenesis of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: inflammation, ammonia and cerebral blood flow","volume":"41","author":"Jalan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.12.061","article-title":"l-Ornithine phenylacetate (OP): a novel treatment for hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"69","author":"Jalan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.11.017","article-title":"Glutamine in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling","volume":"48","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0350","first-page":"47","article-title":"Indomethacin (Confortid) in severe head injury and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP)","volume":"55","author":"Jensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.06.001","article-title":"Minocycline attenuates oxidative\/nitrosative stress and cerebral complications of acute liver failure in rats","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05981.x","article-title":"Cerebral inflammation contributes to encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: protective effect of minocycline","volume":"109","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0180","first-page":"1819","article-title":"How helpful is intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute hepatic failure?","volume":"25","author":"Kanazi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2008.00698.x","article-title":"The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment on survival, native liver recovery, and need for liver transplantation in acute liver failure patients","volume":"21","author":"Kantola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i18.2227","article-title":"Cost-utility of molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment in acute liver failure","volume":"16","author":"Kantola","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/145749691110000103","article-title":"Bridging therapies and liver transplantation in acute liver failure, 10 years of MARS experience from Finland","volume":"100","author":"Kantola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0125","unstructured":"Keays, R., Harrison, P.M., Wendon, J.A., Forbes, A., Gove, C., Alexander, G.J., Williams, R., 1991. Intravenous acetylcysteine in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: a prospective controlled trial. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.) 303(6809), 1026\u20131029."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80247-8","article-title":"The safety and value of extradural intracranial pressure monitors in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"18","author":"Keays","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kircheis, G., Nilius, R., Held, C., Berndt, H., Buchner, M., Gortelmeyer, R., Hendricks, R., Kruger, B., Kuklinski, B., Meister, H., Otto, H.J., Rink, C., Rosch, W., Stauch, S., 1997. Therapeutic efficacy of l-ornithine-l-aspartate infusions in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 25(6), 1351\u20131360.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250609"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012457","article-title":"Hypocapnia","volume":"347","author":"Laffey","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007241","article-title":"Cerebral circulation in liver failure: Ohm\u2019s law in force","volume":"16","author":"Larsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e328344b3c6","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"17","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.35779","article-title":"Brain edema in liver failure: basic physiologic principles and management","volume":"8","author":"Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21643","article-title":"Prevention and management of brain edema in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"14","author":"Larsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80338-6","article-title":"Functional loss of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"23","author":"Larsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, F.S., Hansen, B.A., Ejlersen, E., Secher, N.H., Clemmesen, J.O., Tygstrup, N., Knudsen, G.M., 1996. Cerebral blood flow, oxygen metabolism and transcranial Doppler sonography during high-volume plasmapheresis in fulminant hepatic failure. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(3), 261\u2013265.","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199603000-00014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0475","unstructured":"Larsen, F.S., Schmidt, L.E., et al., 2010. Liver assisting with high-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 52(S1), 376A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.M., Hynan, L.S., Rossaro, L., Fontana, R.J., Stravitz, R.T., Larson, A.M., Davern 2nd, T.J., Murray, N.G., McCashland, T., Reisch, J.S., Robuck, P.R., 2009. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 137(3), 856\u2013864, 864 e851.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.06.006"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90758-0","article-title":"A 7-year experience of severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (1987\u20131993)","volume":"109","author":"Makin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, A., Rose, C., Butterworth, J., Butterworth, R.F., 1996. Neuroactive amino acids and glutamate (NMDA) receptors in frontal cortex of rats with experimental acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 24(4), 908\u2013913.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240425"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0435","first-page":"3052","article-title":"Hepatocyte transplantation in man","volume":"24","author":"Mito","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mumtaz, K., Azam, Z., Hamid, S., Abid, S., Memon, S., Ali Shah, H., Jafri, W., 2009. Role of N-acetylcysteine in adults with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in a center without the facility of liver transplantation. Hepatol. Int.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-009-9151-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz, S.J., Robinson, M., Northrup, B., Bell, R., Moritz, M., Jarrell, B., Martin, P., Maddrey, W.C., 1991. Elevated intracranial pressure and computed tomography of the brain in fulminant hepatocellular failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 13(2), 209\u2013212.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130202"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199305000-00025","article-title":"Factors associated with severe intracranial hypertension in candidates for emergency liver transplantation","volume":"55","author":"Munoz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, N., Auzinger, G., Bernel, W., Wendon, J., 2004. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 39(2), 464\u2013470.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20056"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-005-7911-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling","volume":"20","author":"Norenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90081-4","article-title":"Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"97","author":"O\u2019Grady","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20499","article-title":"Inhibition of glutamine transport into mitochondria protects astrocytes from ammonia toxicity","volume":"55","author":"Pichili","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-010-0062-0","article-title":"Treatment of brain edema in acute liver failure","volume":"12","author":"Rabinstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199307000-00002","article-title":"Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as two-stage procedure","volume":"218","author":"Ringe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolando, N., Gimson, A., Wade, J., Philpott-Howard, J., Casewell, M., Williams, R., 1993. Prospective controlled trial of selective parenteral and enteral antimicrobial regimen in fulminant liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 17(2), 196\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170206"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolando, N., Wade, J., Davalos, M., Wendon, J., Philpott-Howard, J., Williams, R., 2000. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 32(4 Pt 1), 734\u2013739.","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.17687"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, C., Michalak, A., Rao, K.V., Quack, G., Kircheis, G., Butterworth, R.F., 1999. l-Ornithine-l-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 30(3), 636\u2013640.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300311"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saliba, F., Camus, C., et al., 2009. Predictive factors of transplant free survival in patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure: results from a randomized controlled multicenter trial. J. Hepatol. 50(S1), S89\u2013S90.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(09)60222-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0010","first-page":"163","article-title":"Acute liver failure: clinical features, outcome analysis, and applicability of prognostic criteria","volume":"6","author":"Shakil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405275175","article-title":"Minocycline as a neuroprotective agent","volume":"11","author":"Stirling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0310","first-page":"99","article-title":"The effect of hyperventilation upon cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"54","author":"Strauss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dan. Med. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(88)80006-0","article-title":"Hyperventilation restores cerebral blood flow autoregulation in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"28","author":"Strauss","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S258","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181aa5fb8","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for acute liver failure","volume":"37","author":"Stravitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0425","first-page":"124","article-title":"Hepatocellular transplantation in acute liver failure","volume":"82","author":"Sutherland","year":"1977","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/10.1097\/01.WCB.0000125648.03213.1D","article-title":"The effect of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion and extracellular lactate and glutamate concentrations in patients with fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"24","author":"Tofteng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1179\/016164107X240099","article-title":"Mechanisms of brain edema in acute liver failure and impact of novel therapeutic interventions","volume":"29","author":"Vaquero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20625","article-title":"Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Vaquero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogels, B.A., Maas, M.A., Daalhuisen, J., Quack, G., Chamuleau, R.A., 1997. Memantine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist improves hyperammonemia-induced encephalopathy and acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 25(4), 820\u2013827.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250406"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(02)02804-X","article-title":"Propofol to control intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"34","author":"Wijdicks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"issue":"8515","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90516-7","article-title":"Changes in brain water with haemodialysis","volume":"2","author":"Winney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R55","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7782","article-title":"Prolonged treatment with N-acetylcystine delays liver recovery from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ytrebo, L.M., Kristiansen, R.G., Maehre, H., Fuskevag, O.M., Kalstad, T., Revhaug, A., Cobos, M.J., Jalan, R., Rose, C.F., 2009. l-Ornithine phenylacetate attenuates increased arterial and extracellular brain ammonia and prevents intracranial hypertension in pigs with acute liver failure. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 50(1), 165\u2013174.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22917"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i7.938","article-title":"Transplantation of microencapsulated umbilical-cord-blood-derived hepatic-like cells for treatment of hepatic failure","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Neurochemistry International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0197018611003548?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0197018611003548?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]],"date-time":"2020-06-27T14:39:49Z","timestamp":1593268789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0197018611003548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0197018611003548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.10.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-0186"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-0186","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}}}