{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:54:55Z","timestamp":1792803295219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fapfv42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011878","name":"Flemish Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Foundation Antwerp"},{"name":"Thomas Riellaerts"},{"name":"Neurosearch Antwerp","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pjws364","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Alzheimer Research Center of the University Medical Center Groningen (ARCG-UMCG)","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cv38k47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurochemistry International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,27]],"date-time":"2016-11-27T02:01:03Z","timestamp":1480212063000},"page":"22-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Targeting the norepinephrinergic system in Parkinson's disease and related disorders: The locus coeruleus story"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Yannick","family":"Vermeiren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter P.","family":"De Deyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.3.456","article-title":"Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease","volume":"57","author":"Abbott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.09.002","article-title":"Interaction of noradrenergic pharmacological manipulation and subthalamic stimulation on movement initiation control in Parkinson's disease","volume":"8","author":"Albares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib4","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"129","article-title":"Chapter 6: neurotransmitters and their receptors","author":"Augustine","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib5","first-page":"108","article-title":"Attentional deficits in Parkinson's disease: partial reversibility with naphtoxazine (SDZ NVI-085), a selective noradrenergic alpha 1 agonist","volume":"21","author":"B\u00e9dard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c2937c","article-title":"The locus ceruleus norepinephrine system: functional organization and potential clinical significance","volume":"73","author":"Benarroch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04035","article-title":"Randomized withdrawal study of patients with symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension responsive to droxidopa","volume":"65","author":"Biaggioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2012.736490","article-title":"A\u00a0non-comparative assessment of tolerability and efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of depressed patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"13","author":"Bonuccelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000158422.41380.82","article-title":"Cognitive status correlates with neuropathologic stage in Parkinson disease","volume":"64","author":"Braak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2477","article-title":"Research in motion: the enigma of Parkinson's disease pathology spread","volume":"9","author":"Brundin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25142","article-title":"Locus coeruleus neuron density and parkinsonism in older adults without Parkinson's disease","volume":"27","author":"Buchman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.246","article-title":"Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic deficits in Parkinson disease","volume":"2","author":"Buddhala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.1.42","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and dementia: norepinephrine and dopamine in locus ceruleus","volume":"37","author":"Cash","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1973.tb06003.x","article-title":"Norepinephrine metabolism in the central nervous system of man: studies using 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol levels in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"21","author":"Chase","year":"1973","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(03)00190-4","article-title":"L-DOPA increases noradrenaline turnover in central and peripheral nervous systems","volume":"45","author":"Dayan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.07.002","article-title":"Expanding the repertoire of L-DOPA\u2019s actions: a comprehensive review of its functional neurochemistry","author":"De Deurwaerd\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq142","article-title":"A\u00a0basic smell test is as sensitive as a dopamine transporter scan: comparison of olfaction, taste and DaTSCAN in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"103","author":"Deeb","year":"2010","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140783","article-title":"Serum MHPG strongly predicts conversion to Alzheimer's disease in behaviorally characterized subjects with Down syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Dekker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.10.023","article-title":"Emerging dysfunctions consequent to combined monoaminergic depletions in parkinsonism","volume":"45","author":"Delaville","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301817","article-title":"Dysfunction of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and related circuitry in Parkinson's disease-related dementia","volume":"84","author":"Del Tredici","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-1028-y","article-title":"Spinal cord lesions in sporadic Parkinson's disease","volume":"124","author":"Del Tredici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.5.413","article-title":"Where does parkinson disease pathology begin in the brain?","volume":"61","author":"Del Tredici","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0345-7","article-title":"Evidence that incidental Lewy body disease is pre-symptomatic Parkinson's disease","volume":"115","author":"Dickson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.80","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"8","author":"Doty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1237","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in parkinsonism: a general deficit unrelated to neurologic signs, disease stage, or disease duration","volume":"38","author":"Doty","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90917-1","article-title":"Effects of intrabulbar injections of 6-hydroxydopamine on ethyl acetate odor detection in castrate and non-castrate male rats","volume":"444","author":"Doty","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182143537","article-title":"Methylphenidate for gait impairment in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Espay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26048","article-title":"Norepinephrine deficiency in Parkinson's disease: the case for noradrenergic enhancement","volume":"29","author":"Espay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.07.003","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: from history to the interaction with the monoaminergic systems","author":"Faggiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1597-y","article-title":"Stabilization of alpha-synuclein oligomers in\u00a0vitro by the neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine: the effect of oxidized catecholamines","volume":"40","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1983.63.3.844","article-title":"Nucleus locus ceruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity","volume":"63","author":"Foote","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410160412","article-title":"Peripheral beta-adrenergic blockade treatment of parkinsonian tremor","volume":"16","author":"Foster","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.11.031","article-title":"L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS) co-administered with entacapone improves freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease","volume":"80","author":"Fukada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320510","article-title":"Disease-specific patterns of locus coeruleus cell loss","volume":"32","author":"German","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-5-200009050-00009","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease","volume":"133","author":"Goldstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.230201","article-title":"Comparison of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in decreasing production of the autotoxic dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde in PC12 cells","volume":"356","author":"Goldstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(94)90023-X","article-title":"A\u00a0radiological analysis of heart sympathetic functions with meta-[123I]iodobenzylguanidine in neurological patients with autonomic failure","volume":"49","author":"Hakusui","year":"1994","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23669","article-title":"Milestones in Parkinson's disease - clinical and pathologic features","volume":"26","author":"Halliday","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26086","article-title":"Droxidopa for the short-term treatment of symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease (nOH306B)","volume":"30","author":"Hauser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.08.007","article-title":"A\u00a0timeline for Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Hawkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.05.1775","article-title":"Addition of MHPG to Alzheimer's disease biomarkers improves differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease but not other dementias","volume":"10","author":"Herbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Jankovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(03)45011-5","article-title":"Activity, modulation and role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating the cerebral cortex","volume":"145","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000615","article-title":"Droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"83","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000138500.73671.DC","article-title":"Autonomic failure as the initial presentation of Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"63","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2015.1057504","article-title":"Droxidopa in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension","volume":"13","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90579-5","article-title":"3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) transport from the spinal cord during spinal subarachnoid perfusion","volume":"102","author":"Kessler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib49","series-title":"Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects","first-page":"211","article-title":"Catecholamines","author":"Kuhar","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21083","article-title":"Correlation between cardiac 123I-MIBG and odor identification in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31825f0451","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of fipamezole for dyskinesia in Parkinson disease (FJORD study)","volume":"79","author":"LeWitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22307","article-title":"Atomoxetine for the treatment of executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a pilot open-label study","volume":"24","author":"Marsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90345-O","article-title":"Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on parkinsonian signs, striatal dopamine and substantia nigra cell loss after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in monkeys: a possible role for the locus coeruleus in the progression of Parkinson's disease","volume":"41","author":"Mavridis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.064","article-title":"Noradrenergic, but not cholinergic, deafferentation of prefrontal cortex impairs attentional set-shifting","volume":"153","author":"McGaughy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB consortium","volume":"65","author":"McKeith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952375","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/952375","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"2013","author":"More","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70106-0","article-title":"Methylphenidate for gait hypokinesia and freezing in patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing subthalamic stimulation: a multicentre, parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Moreau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23744","article-title":"Does cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction contribute to fatigue in Parkinson's disease?","volume":"26","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0818-x","article-title":"Norepinephrine: a neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance","volume":"37","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib60","first-page":"301","article-title":"Improvement in freezing phenomenon of Parkinson's disease after DL-threo-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylserine","volume":"38","author":"Ogawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.11.016","article-title":"Uptake of environmental toxicants by the locus ceruleus: a potential trigger for neurodegenerative, demyelinating and psychiatric disorders","volume":"82","author":"Pamphlett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200101)49:1<53::AID-ANA30>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"The selective vulnerability of brainstem nuclei to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"49","author":"Parvizi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.005","article-title":"Response to 4-month treatment with reboxetine in Parkinson's disease patients with a major depressive episode","volume":"28","author":"Pintor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25945","article-title":"The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pringsheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1143","article-title":"Idazoxan, an alpha-2 antagonist, and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Rascol","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71083-7","article-title":"Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with Rasagiline Given once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial","volume":"365","author":"Rascol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70073-4","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson's disease (the ADAGIO study): prespecified and post-hoc analyses of the need for additional therapies, changes in UPDRS scores, and non-motor outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Rascol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182516244","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antidepressants in Parkinson disease","volume":"78","author":"Richard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00037-8","article-title":"The alpha2 agonist, clonidine, improves spatial working memory performance in Parkinson's disease","volume":"92","author":"Riekkinen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135535","article-title":"The neuropsychopharmacology of fronto-executive function: monoaminergic modulation","volume":"32","author":"Robbins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib71","first-page":"177","article-title":"Norepinephrine: the redheaded stepchild of Parkinson's disease. Biochem","volume":"74","author":"Rommelfanger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777193","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part II: physiological and pharmacological manipulations and pathological alterations of locus coeruleus activity in humans","volume":"6","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2573","article-title":"The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition","volume":"10","author":"Sara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12168","article-title":"The brainstem pathologies of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"25","author":"Seidel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90046-9","article-title":"CSF and plasma MHPG, and the CSF MHPG index: pretreatment levels in diagnostic groups and response to somatic treatments","volume":"51","author":"Sharma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4229","article-title":"Diagnostic value of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy for differential dementia diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"Slaets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2472","article-title":"Combined rasagiline and antidepressant use in Parkinson disease in the ADAGIO study: effects on nonmotor symptoms and tolerability","volume":"72","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6469","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"95","author":"Spillantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7416","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1001-06.2006","article-title":"The locus ceruleus is involved in the successful retrieval of emotional memories in humans","volume":"26","author":"Sterpenich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00266.2012","article-title":"Mechanisms of sympathetic regulation in orthostatic intolerance","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4265-05.2006","article-title":"Compensatory changes in the noradrenergic nervous system in the locus ceruleus and hippocampus of postmortem subjects with Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"26","author":"Szot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib82","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic denervation from the early stage of Parkinson's disease: clinical and experimental studies with radiolabeled MIBG","volume":"41","author":"Takatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.033","article-title":"Reduced vesicular storage of catecholamines causes progressive degeneration in the locus ceruleus","volume":"76","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.12.1724","article-title":"Inverse relationship between brain noradrenaline level and dopamine loss in Parkinson disease: a possible neuroprotective role for noradrenaline","volume":"63","author":"Tong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.05.008","article-title":"Ascending monoaminergic systems alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Translating basic science into clinical care","volume":"37","author":"Trillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00048","article-title":"The emerging role of norepinephrine in cognitive dysfunctions of Parkinson's disease","volume":"6","author":"Vazey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160320","article-title":"Brain serotonergic and noradrenergic deficiencies in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia compared to early-onset Alzheimer's disease","volume":"53","author":"Vermeiren","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.031","article-title":"Monoaminergic neurotransmitter alterations in postmortem brain regions of depressed and aggressive patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"35","author":"Vermeiren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-014-0090-1","article-title":"The monoaminergic footprint of depression and psychosis in dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Vermeiren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.781","article-title":"Cardiac (123)I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake in dementia with Lewy bodies: comparison with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"70","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ebdd79","article-title":"Atomoxetine for depression and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson disease","volume":"75","author":"Weintraub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.08.037","article-title":"Olfactory loss and nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation in the elderly","volume":"484","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Neurochemistry International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0197018616302674?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0197018616302674?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T06:26:58Z","timestamp":1589696818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0197018616302674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S0197018616302674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-0186"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-0186","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Targeting the norepinephrinergic system in Parkinson's disease and related disorders: The locus coeruleus story","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurochemistry International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.11.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}