{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:31:40Z","timestamp":1787059900929,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurochemistry International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:48:23Z","timestamp":1784270903000},"page":"106224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Is Urolithin A(UA) a pharmacologically credible neuro-nutraceutical? A critical review of mechanisms, brain exposure, and evidence gaps in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"Diya","family":"Girish Oswal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenal","family":"Rane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib1","first-page":"700","volume":"18","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib2","author":"Amazentis"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183884","article-title":"Urolithins: a prospective alternative against brain aging","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0073-4","article-title":"The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans","volume":"1","author":"Andreux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00708-y","article-title":"Urolithin A reduces amyloid-beta load and improves cognitive deficits uncorrelated with plaque burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"45","author":"Ballesteros-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70237","article-title":"Mitigating pro\u2010inflammatory SASP and DAMP with urolithin A: a novel senomorphic strategy","volume":"24","author":"Barkovskaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711863105","article-title":"BDNF is essential to promote persistence of long-term memory storage","volume":"105","author":"Bekinschtein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00314-1","article-title":"Cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase (ATP synthase) activities in platelets and brain from patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"23","author":"Bosetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.012","article-title":"Gastric \u03b1-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology","volume":"396","author":"Braak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003905","article-title":"Targeting sirtuin 1 to improve metabolism: all you need is NAD+?","volume":"64","author":"Cant\u00f3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-200099","article-title":"Low molecular weight (poly)Phenol metabolites across the blood-brain barrier: the underexplored journey","volume":"6","author":"Carecho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00956B","article-title":"The gut microbiota urolithin metabotypes revisited: the human metabolism of ellagic acid is mainly determined by aging","volume":"9","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Mart\u00edn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00524-z","article-title":"The cGAS\u2013STING pathway as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases","volume":"21","author":"Decout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib14","unstructured":"Dementia [Internet]. [cited 2026 July 4]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dementia."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-00996-x","article-title":"Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Denk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2025.04.009","article-title":"Urolithin improves \u03b1-synuclein aggregation and DNMT1 expression in rotenone model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"108","author":"Devi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"s1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","article-title":"The emerging evidence of the parkinson pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0332-9","article-title":"Mitophagy inhibits amyloid-\u03b2 and tau pathology and reverses cognitive deficits in models of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9006","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO03678J","article-title":"Urolithins and their phase II conjugates cross the blood\u2013brain barrier and exert a stimulus-dependent anti-inflammatory effect on microglial cells by inhibiting NF-\u03baB nuclear translocation","volume":"16","author":"Garay-Mayol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7012","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01649G","article-title":"Metabolism of different dietary phenolic compounds by the urolithin-producing human-gut bacteria Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens and Ellagibacter isourolithinifaciens","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Villalba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202101019","article-title":"Urolithins: a comprehensive update on their metabolism, bioactivity, and associated gut microbiota","volume":"66","author":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Villalba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1450-3","article-title":"Urolithin A attenuates memory impairment and neuroinflammation in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"16","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.09.019","article-title":"Identifying the limits for ellagic acid bioavailability: a crossover pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers after consumption of pomegranate extracts","volume":"19","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sarr\u00edas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct.Foods"},{"issue":"5580","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01267.x","article-title":"Disruption of neurogenesis by amyloid \u03b2\u2010peptide, and perturbed neural progenitor cell homeostasis, in models of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"83","author":"Haughey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3705","article-title":"Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"7434","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11729","article-title":"NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer's disease and contributes to pathology in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"493","author":"Heneka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1265","article-title":"Dopamine depletion impairs precursor cell proliferation in Parkinson disease","volume":"7","author":"H\u00f6glinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13847","article-title":"Urolithin A improves Alzheimer's disease cognition and restores mitophagy and lysosomal functions","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c08889","article-title":"Gut bacteria involved in ellagic acid metabolism to yield human urolithin metabotypes revealed","volume":"71","author":"Iglesias-Aguirre","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-026-00351-3","article-title":"Early mitophagy activation by Urolithin A prevents, but late activation does not reverse, age-related cognitive impairment","volume":"12","author":"Jara","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45044-1","article-title":"Mitophagy curtails cytosolic mtDNA-dependent activation of cGAS\/STING inflammation during aging","volume":"15","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Loygorri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2024.2322421","article-title":"Aging STINGs: mitophagy at the crossroads of neuroinflammation","volume":"20","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Loygorri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201008084","article-title":"Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates PINK1 import and proteolytic destabilization by PARL","volume":"191","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"JCB (J. Cell Biol.)"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6119-09.2010","article-title":"Methylation regulates alpha-synuclein expression and is decreased in parkinson's disease patients' brains","volume":"30","author":"Jowaed","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac001","article-title":"The effect of a high-polyphenol mediterranean diet (Green-MED) combined with physical activity on age-related brain atrophy: the dietary intervention randomized controlled trial polyphenols unprocessed study (DIRECT PLUS)","volume":"115","author":"Kaplan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.01.002","article-title":"Mitophagy and alzheimer's disease: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"6676","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/33416","article-title":"Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism","volume":"392","author":"Kitada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102406","article-title":"Targeting aging with urolithin A in humans: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Kuerec","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010202","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of pomegranate juice against parkinson's disease and presence of ellagitannins-derived metabolite\u2014urolithin A\u2014in the brain","volume":"21","author":"Kujawska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"7565","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14893","article-title":"The ubiquitin kinase PINK1 recruits autophagy receptors to induce mitophagy","volume":"524","author":"Lazarou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6784","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/35012636","article-title":"Neurotoxicity induces cleavage of p35 to p25 by calpain","volume":"405","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.1121","article-title":"Neurodegenerative tauopathies","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70379","article-title":"Alleviation of microglia mediating hippocampal neuron impairments and depression\u2010related behaviors by urolithin B via the SIRT1\u2010FOXO1 pathway","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02534A","article-title":"Urolithin A protects dopaminergic neurons in experimental models of Parkinson's disease by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis through the SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44279","article-title":"Effect of urolithin A supplementation on muscle endurance and mitochondrial health in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn983","article-title":"Pathogenesis of parkinson's disease: dopamine, vesicles and \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"3","author":"Lotharius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib49","first-page":"16","article-title":"Urolithin A and nicotinamide riboside differentially regulate innate immune defenses and metabolism in human microglial cells","volume":"27","author":"Madsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1343562","article-title":"The effects of urolithin A on poly I:C-induced microglial activation","volume":"18","author":"Mingo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2738","article-title":"TrkB signalling pathways in LTP and learning","volume":"10","author":"Minichiello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1703","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: a lesson from mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signaling"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200809125","article-title":"Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy","volume":"183","author":"Narendra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00724-z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of shotgun sequencing of gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Nishiwaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Parkinson's Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1304","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its role in cognition","volume":"5","author":"Oomen","year":"2014","journal-title":"WIREs Cognit. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.007","article-title":"The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in parkinson's disease","volume":"85","author":"Pickrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.108963","article-title":"Urolithin A promotes mitophagy and suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells and MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model","volume":"207","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01062-w","article-title":"PINK1\/PARKIN signalling in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation","volume":"8","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6306","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO00552B","article-title":"Urolithins: potential biomarkers of gut dysbiosis and disease stage in Parkinson's patients","volume":"13","author":"Romo-Vaquero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2025.2561073","article-title":"Urolithin \u0391 modulates inter-organellar communication via calcium-dependent mitophagy to promote healthy ageing","volume":"21","author":"Roussos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4132","article-title":"Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents","volume":"22","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of parkinson's disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8649","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92366-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"333","author":"Schapira","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606210","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years","volume":"8","author":"Selkoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902107d","article-title":"Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health","volume":"57","author":"Selma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13239","article-title":"Donanemab in early symptomatic alzheimer disease","volume":"330","author":"Sims","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00950-1","article-title":"Direct supplementation with Urolithin A overcomes limitations of dietary exposure and gut microbiome variability in healthy adults to achieve consistent levels across the population","volume":"76","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib67","article-title":"Urolithin A improves muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in a randomized trial in middle-aged adults","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"issue":"5646","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090278","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson's disease","volume":"302","author":"Singleton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-009-0136-3","article-title":"Flavonoids and brain health: multiple effects underpinned by common mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Spencer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gene Nutr."},{"issue":"6645","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6535","DOI":"10.1021\/jf5024615","article-title":"Ellagic acid metabolism by human gut microbiota: consistent observation of three urolithin phenotypes in intervention trials, independent of food source, age, and health status","volume":"62","author":"Tom\u00e1s-Barber\u00e1n","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010068","article-title":"Differential effects of whole red raspberry polyphenols and their gut metabolite Urolithin A on neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia","volume":"18","author":"Toney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.3462","article-title":"Urolithin A exhibits a neuroprotective effect against Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting DYRK1A activity","volume":"31","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909787602823","article-title":"Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options","volume":"7","author":"Uttara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"issue":"5674","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib77","first-page":"1158","article-title":"Hereditary early-onset parkinson's disease caused by mutations in PINK1","volume":"304","author":"Valente","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","article-title":"Lecanemab in early alzheimer's disease","volume":"388","author":"van Dyck","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7548","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14156","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response","volume":"520","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0467-9","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor ameliorates amyloid pathology in a mouse model of alzheimer's disease","volume":"55","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00260","article-title":"Pomegranate's neuroprotective effects against alzheimer's disease are mediated by urolithins, its ellagitannin-gut microbial derived metabolites","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2036693","article-title":"Ellagic acid and intestinal microflora metabolite urolithin A: a review on its sources, metabolic distribution, health benefits, and biotransformation","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13071553","article-title":"Urolithin A in central nervous system disorders: therapeutic applications and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"}],"container-title":["Neurochemistry International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0197018626001154?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0197018626001154?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:19:39Z","timestamp":1787059179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0197018626001154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S0197018626001154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-0186"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-0186","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Is Urolithin A(UA) a pharmacologically credible neuro-nutraceutical? A critical review of mechanisms, brain exposure, and evidence gaps in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurochemistry International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2026.106224","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106224"}}