{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:42:31Z","timestamp":1787812951959,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,4]],"date-time":"2018-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525392000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":368,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007238","name":"Women\u2019s Health Science Division","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System"},{"name":"VISN 6 Mid-Atlantic MIRECC"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006380","name":"VA Rehabilitation Research & Development (RR&D)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1IK2RX000704-01A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1IK2RX000704-01A2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-15-1-0521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-15-1-0521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T11:12:53Z","timestamp":1486984373000},"page":"156-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Neuroactive steroids and PTSD treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"649","author":[{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Rasmusson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine E.","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne L.","family":"Pineles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Locci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica R.","family":"Scioli-Salter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yael I.","family":"Nillni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziano","family":"Pinna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900008841","article-title":"The neuroendocrinology of posttraumatic stress disorder: new directions","volume":"8","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3339","article-title":"Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Pitman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0015","first-page":"2097","article-title":"Evidence for a heterozygote advantage in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase deficiency 1","volume":"82","author":"Witchel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0020","first-page":"377","article-title":"ACTH and cortisol after cigarette smoke exposure during the dexamethasone suppression test in smokers and non-smokers","volume":"65","author":"Sellini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bollettino della Societ\u00e0 italiana di biologia sperimentale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01357-4","article-title":"The cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor response to low dose dexamethasone administration in aging combat veterans and holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"52","author":"Yehuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.03.016","article-title":"An analysis of gene expression in PTSD implicates genes involved in the glucocorticoid receptor pathway and neural responses to stress","volume":"57","author":"Logue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3275","volume":"16","author":"Klengel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.123","article-title":"A history of corticosterone exposure regulates fear extinction and cortical NR2B, GluR2\/3, and BDNF","volume":"34","author":"Gourley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12682","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2305-08.2008","article-title":"The role of neuropeptide Y in the expression and extinction of fear-potentiated startle","volume":"28","author":"A.R. Gutman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.53.3.459","article-title":"Dexamethasone regulation of the rat 3 hydroxysteroid\/dihydrodiol dihydrogenase (3-HSD\/DD) gene","volume":"53","author":"Hou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.04.008","article-title":"Cortisol suppression by dexamethasone reduces exaggerated fear responses in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"36","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.09.014","article-title":"Stress doses of hydrocortisone, traumatic memories, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized study","volume":"55","author":"Schelling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.06.001","article-title":"High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: interplay between clinical and animal studies","volume":"21","author":"Zohar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.210","article-title":"Dexamethasone treatment leads to enhanced fear extinction and dynamic Fkbp5 regulation in amygdala","volume":"41","author":"Sawamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9560","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2397-06.2006","article-title":"Postreactivation glucocorticoids impair recall of established fear memory","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.168","article-title":"In vivo effects of a GPR30 antagonist","volume":"5","author":"Dennis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100518","article-title":"Estrogen signaling through the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor GPR 30","author":"Prossnitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-2-3","article-title":"Sex differences, gonadal hormones and the fear extinction network: implications for anxiety disorders","volume":"2","author":"Lebron-Milad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Mood Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000138","article-title":"Extinction retention and the menstrual cycle: different associations for women with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"125","author":"Pineles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnormal Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09856","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor","volume":"470","author":"Ressler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.026","article-title":"Decreased cerebrospinal fluid allopregnanolone levels in women with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"60","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00287-2","article-title":"Gender differences in the regulation of 3\u03b1-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat brain and sensitivity to neurosteroid-mediated stress protection","volume":"120","author":"Mitev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0115","first-page":"219","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y: A novel sympathetic stress hormone","volume":"771","author":"Zukowska-Grojec","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.08.027","article-title":"Plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations in combat exposed veterans: relationship to trauma exposure, recovery from PTSD, and coping","author":"Yehuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140048","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2014.0048","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-related predictors and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder treatment response in combat veterans","volume":"4","author":"Yehuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.03.002","article-title":"Endogenous plasma estradiol in healthy men is positively correlated with cerebral cortical serotonin 2A receptor binding","volume":"35","author":"Frokjaer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1192\/S000712500029171X","article-title":"Evidence for the 5-HT hypothesis of suicide. A review of post-mortem studies","volume":"8","author":"Mann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91015-K","article-title":"5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of antidepressant-free suicide victims\/depressives: increase in 5-HT2 sites in cortex and amygdala","volume":"614","author":"Hrdina","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.09.021","article-title":"Neuro-imaging the serotonin 2A receptor as a valid biomarker for canine behavioral disorders","volume":"91","author":"Vermeire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"67","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.03.013","article-title":"Increased serotonin 2A receptor availability in the orbitofrontal cortex of physically aggressive personality disordered patients","volume":"2010","author":"Rosell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123432","article-title":"Cortical 5-HT2A receptor signaling modulates anxiety-like behaviors in mice","author":"Weisstaub","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830200083012","article-title":"Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"54","author":"Southwick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.10.016","article-title":"Activation of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor is involved in the enhanced anxiety in rats after single-prolonged stress","volume":"89","author":"Harada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.11.012","article-title":"Optogenetics, sex, and violence in the brain: implications for psychiatry","volume":"71","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00185","article-title":"Potential contribution of aromatase inhibition to the effects of nicotine and related compounds on the brain","volume":"3","author":"Biegon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.11.1258","article-title":"A twin registry study of the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and nicotine dependence in men","volume":"62","author":"Koenen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000093","article-title":"Deployment stress, tobacco use, and postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder: gender differences","volume":"8","author":"Japuntich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma: Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199712010-00031","article-title":"Estrogens stabilize mitochondrial function and protect neural cells against the pro-apoptotic action of mutant presenilin-1","volume":"8","author":"Mattson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00271.x","article-title":"Estradiol protects against ATP depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decline and the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by 3-nitroproprionic acid in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19971115)50:4<522::AID-JNR3>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol attenuates oxidative impairment of synaptic Na+\/K\u2009+\u2009-ATPase activity, glucose transport, and glutamate transport induced by amyloid \u03b2-peptide and iron","volume":"50","author":"Keller","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.08.019","article-title":"Roles of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in sexually dimorphic neuroprotection against glutamate toxicity","volume":"170","author":"Bryant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience (2010)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38563","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405461200","article-title":"Innate gender-based proclivity in response to cytotoxicity and programmed cell death pathway","volume":"279","author":"Du","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.010","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol regulates insulin degrading enzyme expression via an ER(\/PI3-K pathway in hippocampus: relevance to Alzheimer\u2019s prevention","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0220","series-title":"2nd Neurosteroid Congress","article-title":"P450 enzyme blocks in the progesterone GABAergic neuroactive steroid synthesis pathway in PTSD: sex differences","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051628598","article-title":"Brain 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone synthesis in a mouse model of protracted social isolation","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000479","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like effects of YL-IPA08, a potent ligand for the translocator protein (18\u2009kDa) in animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409643102","article-title":"Changes in brain testosterone and allopregnanolone biosynthesis elicit aggressive behavior","volume":"102","author":"Pinna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32147","article-title":"Sex dependent influence of a functional polymorphism in steroid 5- \u03b1- reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) on post-traumatic stress symptoms","volume":"162","author":"Gillespie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.10.4553","article-title":"Stress-induced elevations of gamma amino butyric acid type A receptor-active steroids in the rat brain","volume":"88","author":"Purdy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14602","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606544103","article-title":"Characterization of brain neurons that express enzymes mediating neurosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"103","author":"Ag\u00eds-Balboa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.03.005","article-title":"Tonically active GABA A receptors: modulating gain and maintaining the tone","volume":"27","author":"Semyanov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06696.x","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to estradiol in rats influences neuroactive steroid concentrations, GABAA receptor expression, and behavioral sensitivity to anxiolytic drugs","volume":"113","author":"Calza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06696.x","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to estradiol in rats influences neuroactive steroid concentrations, GABAA receptor expression, and behavioral sensitivity to anxiolytic drugs","volume":"113","author":"Calza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.22.13284","article-title":"Role of brain allopregnanolone in the plasticity of gamma-aminobutyric acid type. A receptor in rat brain during pregnancy and after delivery","volume":"95","author":"Concas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(01)00164-4","article-title":"Increase in expression of the GABA(A) receptor alpha(4) subunit gene induced by withdrawal of, but not by long-term treatment with, benzodiazepine full or partial agonists","volume":"92","author":"Follesa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1469","article-title":"Ovarian cycle-linked changes in GABA(A) receptors mediating tonic inhibition alter seizure susceptibility and anxiety","volume":"8","author":"Maguire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33880.x","article-title":"GABAA receptor function and expression following chronic ethanol and barbiturate administration","volume":"625","author":"Morrow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03850.x","article-title":"Social isolation-induced increase in alpha and delta subunit gene expression is associated with a greater efficacy of ethanol on steroidogenesis and GABA receptor function","volume":"98","author":"Serra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.05.011","article-title":"Long-term administration with levonorgestrel decreases allopregnanolone levels and alters GABA(A) receptor subunit expression and anxiety-like behavior","volume":"102","author":"Porcu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1868","article-title":"Reversal of neurosteroid effects at alpha4beta2delta GABAA receptors triggers anxiety at puberty","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3301-04.2005","article-title":"Regulation of gephyrin and GABAA receptor binding within the amygdala after fear acquisition and extinction","volume":"25","author":"Chhatwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00256","article-title":"Ganaxolone improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"8","author":"Pinna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0315","first-page":"5567","article-title":"Decreased corticolimbic allopregnanolone expression during social isolation enhances contextual fear: a model relevant for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"205","author":"Pibiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008 Apr 8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00133","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.133","article-title":"Metaplastic LTP inhibition after LTD induction in CA1 hippocampal slices involves NMDA receptor-mediated neurosteroidogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Izumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.52.6.1113","article-title":"Distinct sites for inverse modulation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors by sulfated steroids","volume":"52","author":"Park-Chung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.07.031","article-title":"Sulfated steroids as endogenous neuromodulators Pharmacol","volume":"84","author":"Gibbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3643-x","article-title":"Pregnenolone sulfate as a modulator of synaptic plasticity","volume":"231","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704543","article-title":"Farb Inhibition of the NMDA response by pregnenolone sulphate reveals subtype selective modulation of NMDA receptors by sulphated steroids","volume":"135","author":"Malayev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68062412.x","article-title":"Neurosteroids modulate nicotinic receptor function in mouse striatal and thalamic synaptosomes","volume":"68","author":"Bullock","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00123-0","article-title":"Neuroactive steroids: molecular mechanisms of action and implications for neuropsychopharmacology","volume":"37","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.12.006","article-title":"SSRIs act as selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSSs) at low doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake","volume":"9","author":"Pinna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3239","article-title":"Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine","volume":"95","author":"Uzunova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_sbref0365a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.23.13512","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly alter activity of neurosteroidogenic enzymes","volume":"96","author":"Griffin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Nat Acad. Sci ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_sbref0365b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13451","DOI":"10.1021\/bi026109w","article-title":"Kinetics of allopregnanolone formation catalyzed by human 3\u03b1-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type III (AKR1C2)","volume":"41","author":"Trauger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.03.025","article-title":"Neuroactive steroids in affective disorders: target for novel antidepressant or anxiolytic drugs?","volume":"191","author":"Sch\u00fcle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.008","article-title":"Allopregnanolone elevations following pregnenolone administration are associated with enhanced activation of emotion regulation neurocircuits","volume":"73","author":"Sripada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22399","article-title":"The neurosteroids allopregnanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone modulate resting-state amygdala connectivity","volume":"35","author":"Sripada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243985","article-title":"PV, Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication","volume":"343","author":"Vall\u00e9e","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.63","article-title":"On disruption of fear memory by reconsolidation blockade: evidence from cannabidiol treatment","volume":"37","author":"Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.033","article-title":"Anxiety, stress, and fear response in mice with reduced endocannabinoid levels","volume":"79","author":"Jenniches","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710000684","article-title":"Cannabinoid [1CB] receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex modulate the expression of contextual fear conditioning","volume":"13","author":"Lisboa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.08.010","article-title":"Implication of allopregnanolone in the antinociceptive effect of N-palmitoylethanolamide in acute or persistent pain","volume":"153","author":"Sasso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70596-5","article-title":"N-palmitoylethanolamide, an endocannabinoid, exhibits antidepressant effects in the forced swim test and the tail suspension test in mice","volume":"63","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01881.x","article-title":"Progesterone and its metabolites increase myelin basic protein expression in organotypic slice cultures of rat cerebellum","volume":"86","author":"Ghoumari","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.05.023","article-title":"Progesterone increases oligo-dendroglial cell proliferation in rat cerebellar slice cultures","volume":"135","author":"Ghoumari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.106","article-title":"The neurosteroids progesterone and allopregnanolone reduce cell death, gliosis, and functional deficits after traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"22","author":"Djebaili","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.08.045","article-title":"Neurosteroids reduce inflammation after TBI through CD55 induction","volume":"425","author":"VanLandingham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.08.010","article-title":"Regenerative potential of allopregnanolone","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/DMDI.2006.22.1.1","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone metabolites and their interactions in humans","volume":"22","author":"Chalbot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metabol. Drug Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007030263","article-title":"A. DHEA induces 11-HSD2 by acting on CCAAT\/enhancer-binding proteins","volume":"19","author":"Balazs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01381-5","article-title":"Sulfated and unsulfated steroids modulate \u03b3-aminobutyric acid A receptor function through distinct sites","volume":"830","author":"Park-Chung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00801.x","article-title":"Clinical correlates of DHEA associated with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"114","author":"Yehuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.06.005","article-title":"Long-term low dose dehydroepiandrosterone oral supplementation in early and late postmenopausal women modulates endocrine parameters and synthesis of neuroactive steroids","volume":"80","author":"Genazzani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertility Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3991-1","article-title":"DHEA metabolism to the neurosteroid androsterone: a possible mechanism of DHEA\u2019s antidepressant action","volume":"232","author":"Dor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0470","series-title":"Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury","article-title":"Neurosteroids and traumatic brain injury: translating biomarkers to therapeutics; Overview and pilot Investigations in Iraq and Afghanistan era Veterans","author":"Marx","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00927.x","article-title":"Neurosteroids and self-reported pain in veterans who served in the US military after September 11, 2001","volume":"11","author":"Kilts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.11.0294","article-title":"An exploratory pilot investigation of neurosteroids and selfreported pain in female Iraq\/Afghanistan-era Veterans","volume":"53","author":"Naylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rehab. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.10.0267","article-title":"Potential neurobiological benefits of exercise in chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: pilot study","volume":"53","author":"Scioli-Salter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rehab. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.07.005","article-title":"Progesterone improves cognitive performance and attenuates smoking urges in abstinent smokers","volume":"36","author":"Sofuoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.138","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pregnenolone for bipolar depression","volume":"39","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.09.006","article-title":"Pregnenolone for cognition and mood in dual diagnosis patients","volume":"178","author":"Osuji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3673-4","article-title":"Proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial of pregnenolone in schizophrenia","volume":"231","author":"C.E. Marx","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.12.011","article-title":"Interpersonal trauma, war zone exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans with schizophrenia","volume":"91","author":"Calhoun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0515","series-title":"ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02614547","author":"Meltzer-Brody","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0520","series-title":"Experimental Drug Eliminates Postpartum Depression in 7 Out of 10 Patients","author":"Herper","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22465","article-title":"PTSD symptoms across pregnancy and early postpartum among women with lifetime PTSD diagnosis","volume":"33","author":"Muzik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01044-1","article-title":"Allopregnanolone levels and reactivity to mental stress in premenstrual dysphoric disorder","volume":"49","author":"Girdler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.07.006","article-title":"Anxiety sensitivity, the menstrual cycle, and panic disorder A putative neuroendocrine and psychological interaction","volume":"31","author":"Nillni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113490327","article-title":"SSRIs and the female brain\u2013potential for utilizing steroid-stimulating properties to treat menstrual cycle-linked dysphorias","volume":"27","author":"Lovick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.08.005","article-title":"Allopregnanolone in the brain: protecting pregnancy and birth outcomes","volume":"113","author":"Brunton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-011-0232-4","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma characteristics are correlates of premenstrual dysphoric disorder","volume":"14","author":"Pilver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054_bib0555","article-title":"Pregnant women with posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of preterm birth","author":"K.A. Yonkers","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304394017300745?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304394017300745?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T20:19:42Z","timestamp":1759609182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304394017300745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["S0304394017300745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3940","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuroactive steroids and PTSD treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.01.054","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}