{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:46Z","timestamp":1790899246438,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T15:07:56Z","timestamp":1562080076000},"page":"134363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Suppressive effects of levetiracetam on neuroinflammation and phagocytic microglia: A comparative study of levetiracetam, valproate and carbamazepine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"708","author":[{"given":"Kouichi","family":"Itoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruri","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taira","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami","family":"Oguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph F.A.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9751-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000350470","article-title":"Effects of interleukin-6 on the expression of tight junction proteins in isolated cerebral microvessels from yearling and adult sheep","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.26.15268","article-title":"Abnormal neurotransmission in mice lacking synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A)","volume":"96","author":"Crowder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1878","article-title":"A role for leukocyte-endothelial adhesion mechanisms in epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Fabene","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.9_suppl_5.S21","article-title":"Epilepsy after brain insult: targeting epileptogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Herman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.07.026","article-title":"Impact of mood stabilizers and antiepileptic drugs on cytokine production in-vitro","volume":"47","author":"Himmerich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04410.2003","article-title":"Elevation of basal intracellular calcium as a central element in the activation of brain macrophages (microglia): suppression of receptor-evoked calcium signaling and control of release function","volume":"23","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000026433","article-title":"Cytokine effects on glutamate uptake by human astrocytes","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.07.015","article-title":"Accumulation of cytochrome P450 induced by proteasome inhibition during cardiac ischemia","volume":"527","author":"Ishihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06630-0","article-title":"Potentiation of 17beta-estradiol synthesis in the brain and elongation of seizure latency through dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"7","author":"Ishihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22805","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.659151","article-title":"Dual role of superoxide dismutase 2 induced in activated microglia: oxidative stress tolerance and convergence of inflammatory responses","volume":"290","author":"Ishihara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.03.005","article-title":"Prevention of status epilepticus-induced brain edema and neuronal cell loss by repeated treatment with high-dose levetiracetam","volume":"1608","author":"Itoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.09.038","article-title":"Levetiracetam treatment influences blood-brain barrier failure associated with angiogenesis and inflammatory responses in the acute phase of epileptogenesis in post-status epilepticus mice","volume":"1652","author":"Itoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81046-6","article-title":"SV2A and SV2B function as redundant Ca2+ regulators in neurotransmitter release","volume":"24","author":"Janz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.01.018","article-title":"Levetiracetam inhibits interleukin-1 beta inflammatory responses in the hippocampus and piriform cortex of epileptic rats","volume":"471","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.24501.x","article-title":"Selective blockade of N-type calcium channels by levetiracetam","volume":"43","author":"Lukyanetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23018","article-title":"Microglia engulf viable newborn cells in the epileptic dentate gyrus","volume":"64","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9861","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308208101","article-title":"The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam","volume":"101","author":"Lynch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0090","first-page":"489","article-title":"Levetiracetam: a review of its use in epilepsy","volume":"71","author":"Lyseng-Williamson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0095","first-page":"359","article-title":"Valproic acid attenuates nitric oxide and interleukin-1beta production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated iron-rich microglia","volume":"8","author":"Mairuae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02566.x","article-title":"Transmitter glutamate release from isolated nerve terminals: evidence for biphasic release and triggering by localized Ca2+","volume":"56","author":"McMahon","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90177-0","article-title":"Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure","volume":"32","author":"Racine","year":"1972","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101815","article-title":"Downregulation of blood-brain barrier phenotype by proinflammatory cytokines involves NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation: consequences for interendothelial adherens and tight junctions","volume":"9","author":"Rochfort","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4486-04.2005","article-title":"Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"25","author":"Stellwagen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01038.x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of the anticonvulsant drug levetiracetam on electrophysiological properties of astroglia are mediated via TGFbeta1 regulation","volume":"162","author":"Stienen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.01.094","article-title":"Progression of vasogenic edema induced by activated microglia under permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"496","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.28900.x","article-title":"Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"42","author":"Temkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.02005.x","article-title":"Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: the human experience","volume":"50","author":"Temkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.6.x","article-title":"Risk factors for posttraumatic seizures in adults","volume":"44","author":"Temkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.178","article-title":"The role of inflammation in epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Vezzani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.03.018","article-title":"IL-1 receptor\/Toll-like receptor signaling in infection, inflammation, stress and neurodegeneration couples hyperexcitability and seizures","volume":"25","author":"Vezzani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(07)82013-7","article-title":"Cytokines and neuronal ion channels in health and disease","volume":"82","author":"Viviani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2012.10.006","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of levetiracetam on the high-voltage-activated L-type Ca(2)(+) channels in hippocampal CA3 neurons of spontaneously epileptic rat (SER)","volume":"90","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.004","article-title":"Noninflammatory changes of microglia are sufficient to cause epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304394019304665?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304394019304665?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T20:29:05Z","timestamp":1759609745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304394019304665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0304394019304665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3940","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Suppressive effects of levetiracetam on neuroinflammation and phagocytic microglia: A comparative study of levetiracetam, valproate and carbamazepine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134363","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"134363"}}