{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T07:31:09Z","timestamp":1787643069839,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/SKK10\/USM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/SKK10\/USM\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T11:20:54Z","timestamp":1643628054000},"page":"136500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mini review: Potential therapeutic values of mitragynine as an opioid substitution therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"773","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norsyifa","family":"Harun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Azzalia","family":"Kamaruzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarif","family":"Mohamed Sofian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3205-4612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zurina","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01405-4","article-title":"Opioids, reward and addiction: an encounter of biology, psychology, and medicine","volume":"51","author":"Van Ree","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-016-0066-1","article-title":"Type of opioid dependence among patients seeking opioid substitution treatment: are there differences in background and severity of problems?","volume":"11","author":"Monwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse. Treat. Prev. Policy."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13114","article-title":"Opioid withdrawal symptoms, a consequence of chronic opioid use and opioid use disorder: Current understanding and approaches to management","volume":"45","author":"Pergolizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122957","article-title":"The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: A public health approach to an epidemic of addiction","volume":"36","author":"Kolodny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf0364","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf0364","article-title":"Cues conditioned to withdrawal and negative reinforcement: Neglected but key motivational elements driving opioid addiction","volume":"7","author":"Pantazis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.01.019","article-title":"Use of a prescription opioid registry to examine opioid misuse and overdose in an integrated health system","volume":"110","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00065-9","article-title":"Relapse to drug-seeking: neural and molecular mechanisms","volume":"51","author":"Self","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1105-1442","article-title":"Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the'dark side'of drug addiction","volume":"8","author":"Koob","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1511480","article-title":"Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction","volume":"374","author":"Longo","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.2844","article-title":"Changes in synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2010\u20132016","volume":"319","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.10.006","article-title":"A review of opioid dependence treatment: pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to treat opioid addiction","volume":"30","author":"Veilleux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2016.1244529","article-title":"Update on pharmacotherapy for treatment of opioid use disorder","volume":"17","author":"Ayanga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0202-2","article-title":"Here today, gone tomorrow and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines","volume":"8","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611795371305","article-title":"Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity","volume":"11","author":"Adkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012","article-title":"From kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction","volume":"37","author":"Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02209.x","article-title":"Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragyna speciosa korth)","volume":"103","author":"Boyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.007","article-title":"Patterns of kratom use and health impact in the US\u2014results from an online survey","volume":"176","author":"Grundmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.012","article-title":"Kratom use and mental health: A systematic review","volume":"183","author":"Swogger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.005","article-title":"Kratom as a substitute for opioids: results from an online survey","volume":"202","author":"Coe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.4.242","article-title":"Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton","volume":"35","author":"Kronstrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2018.1511879","article-title":"Severity of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) psychological withdrawal symptoms","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026","article-title":"The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse","volume":"134","author":"Kruegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.05.003","article-title":"Kratom policy: the challenge of balancing therapeutic potential with public safety","volume":"70","author":"Prozialeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00151-x","article-title":"Kratom\u2014Pharmacology, clinical implications, and outlook: a comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Eastlack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(88)90121-3","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology of kratom and the Mitragyna alkaloids","volume":"23","author":"Jansen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701241795","article-title":"Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and kratom","volume":"46","author":"Babu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0135","first-page":"792","article-title":"Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects","volume":"112","author":"Prozialeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4813-4","article-title":"The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factors of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research","volume":"235","author":"Henningfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/968786","article-title":"Following the roots of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): the evolution of an enhancer from a traditional use to increase work and productivity in Southeast Asia to a recreational psychoactive drug in western countries","volume":"2015","author":"Cinosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004","article-title":"Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature","volume":"126","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1811055","article-title":"Deaths in Colorado attributed to kratom","volume":"380","author":"Gershman","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-018-0049-9","article-title":"Fatal combination of mitragynine and quetiapine\u2013a case report with discussion of a potential herb-drug interaction","volume":"15","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2020.1836185","article-title":"A comparative analysis of kratom exposure cases in Thailand and the United States from 2010\u20132017","volume":"47","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse."},{"issue":"06","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959578","article-title":"A new indole alkaloid, 7 \u03b1-hydroxy-7H-mitragynine, from Mitragyna speciosa in Thailand","volume":"60","author":"Ponglux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3866-5","article-title":"M, Shoaib, Discriminative stimulus properties of mitragynine (kratom) in rats","volume":"232","author":"Harun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6754","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b00360","article-title":"Synthetic and receptor signalling explorations of the mitragyna alkaloids: mitragynine as an atypical molecular framework for opioid receptor modulators","volume":"138","author":"Kruegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.05.059","article-title":"Opioid receptors mediate the acquisition, but not the expression of mitragynine-induced conditioned place preference in rats","volume":"332","author":"Yusoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.059","article-title":"The effect of Salvia divinorum and Mitragyna speciosa extracts, fraction and major constituents on place aversion and place preference in rats","volume":"151","author":"Sufka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.07.008","article-title":"Effects of an alkaloid-rich extract from Mitragyna speciosa leaves and fluoxetine on sleep profiles, EEG spectral frequency and ethanol withdrawal symptoms in rats","volume":"22","author":"Cheaha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.12.003","article-title":"The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy","volume":"21","author":"Vicknasingam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01465","article-title":"Investigation of the adrenergic and opioid binding affinities, metabolic stability, plasma protein binding properties, and functional effects of selected indole-based kratom alkaloids","volume":"63","author":"Obeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.52.916","article-title":"Chemistry and pharmacology of analgesic indole alkaloids from the rubiaceous plant, Mitragyna speciosa","volume":"52","author":"Takayama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0215","first-page":"907","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization of the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa grown in USA","volume":"4","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2021.1853706","article-title":"Assessing the therapeutic potential and toxicity of Mitragyna speciosa in opioid use disorder","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1151\/spp021113","article-title":"The neurobiology of opioid dependence: implications for treatment","volume":"1","author":"Kosten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Pract Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.05.024","article-title":"Addiction as a stress surfeit disorder","volume":"76","author":"Koob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000468518","article-title":"H-U, Wittchen, Six-year outcome of opioid maintenance treatment in heroin-dependent patients: results from a naturalistic study in a nationally representative sample","volume":"23","author":"Soyka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01416-9","article-title":"The \u03b4-opioid receptor: molecular pharmacology, signal transduction, and the determination of drug efficacy","volume":"51","author":"Quock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02482.x","article-title":"Acute antinociceptive responses in single and combinatorial opioid receptor knockout mice: distinct mu, delta and kappa tones","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1079-x","article-title":"Controversies in translational research: drug self-administration","volume":"199","author":"Haney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.101","article-title":"Addiction: the clinical interface","volume":"154","author":"Nutt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.4.713","article-title":"Combating opiate dependence: a comparison among the available pharmacological options","volume":"5","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560903037168","article-title":"Opioid dependence treatment: options in pharmacotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Stotts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12456","article-title":"Methadone complications amongst opioid-dependent patients in Malaysia: a case series","volume":"37","author":"George","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00060-7","article-title":"Buprenorphine: How to use it right","volume":"70","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.033","article-title":"Abuse liability of intravenous buprenorphine vs. buprenorphine\/naloxone: Importance of absolute naloxone amount","volume":"179","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159043359477","article-title":"Buprenorphine: a unique drug with complex pharmacology","volume":"2","author":"Lutfy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998409002784","article-title":"Strategies to improve compliance with narcotic antagonists","volume":"10","author":"Kosten","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246290","article-title":"Effects of buprenorphine and methadone in methadone-maintained subjects","volume":"119","author":"Walsh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.001","article-title":"The role of human drug self-administration procedures in the development of medications","volume":"96","author":"Comer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00368-8","article-title":"A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interaction study of acamprosate and naltrexone","volume":"27","author":"Mason","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0096-4","article-title":"Targeted opioid receptor antagonists in the treatment of alcohol use disorders","volume":"27","author":"Niciu","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0315","article-title":"Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"357","author":"Sordo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(98)00265-1","article-title":"Opioid receptor agonistic characteristics of mitragynine pseudoindoxyl in comparison with mitragynine derived from Thai medicinal plant Mitragyna speciosa","volume":"33","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol. Vasc. S."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3201-y","article-title":"Behavioural and neurochemical characterization of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) extract","volume":"231","author":"Stolt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00432-8","article-title":"Antinociceptive action of mitragynine in mice: evidence for the involvement of supraspinal opioid receptors","volume":"59","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00075-7","article-title":"Identification of opioid receptor subtypes in antinociceptive actions of supraspinally-admintstered mitragynine in mice","volume":"62","author":"Thongpradichote","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11427","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms130911427","article-title":"Antinociceptive action of isolated mitragynine from Mitragyna speciosa through activation of opioid receptor system","volume":"13","author":"Shamima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0345","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/files\/drugs\/published\/Adverse-event-reports-for-Kratom-involoving-death.pdf (accessed 28 December 2021)."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2018.1552819","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and identification of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of mitragynine, the major alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom)","volume":"49","author":"Kamble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0355","first-page":"2421","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man","volume":"29","author":"Trakulsrichai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0360","first-page":"145","article-title":"Some observations on the pharmacology of mitragynine","volume":"198","author":"Macko","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.05.015","article-title":"Solving the opioid crisis: Respiratory depression by opioids as critical end point","volume":"156","author":"Montandon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8381","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00748","article-title":"Mitragynine\/corynantheidine pseudoindoxyls as opioid analgesics with mu agonism and delta antagonism, which do not recruit \u03b2-arrestin-2","volume":"59","author":"V\u00e1radi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.120.000189","article-title":"Pharmacological comparison of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine: In vitro affinity and efficacy for \u03bc-opioid receptor and opioid-like behavioral effects in rats","volume":"376","author":"Obeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x","article-title":"Review on CPP: measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade","volume":"12","author":"Tzschentke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12185","article-title":"Abuse potential and adverse cognitive effects of mitragynine (kratom)","volume":"21","author":"Yusoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.56808\/3027-7922.2358","article-title":"Mitragynine reduced morphine-induced conditioned place preference and withdrawal in rodents","volume":"43","author":"Meepong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thai. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245193","article-title":"Strain differences in the rewarding and dopamine-releasing effects of morphine in rats","volume":"117","author":"Shoaib","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.113021","article-title":"Cross-reinstatement of mitragynine and morphine place preference in rats","volume":"399","author":"Japarin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050837","article-title":"Discrimination and self-administration of nicotine by inbred strains of mice","volume":"141","author":"Stolerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.003","article-title":"Principles of laboratory assessment of drug abuse liability and implications for clinical development","volume":"105","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2010.09.004","article-title":"Current approaches and issues in non-clinical evaluation of abuse and dependence","volume":"63","author":"Moser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12639","article-title":"Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine","volume":"24","author":"Hemby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4974-9","article-title":"Abuse liability of mitragynine assessed with a self-administration procedure in rats","volume":"235","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108235","article-title":"Evaluation of the rewarding effects of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in an intracranial self-stimulation procedure in male and female rats","volume":"215","author":"Behnood-Rod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05247-7","article-title":"The effects of mitragynine and morphine on schedule-controlled responding and antinociception in rats","volume":"236","author":"Hiranita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00411","article-title":"Mitragynine attenuates morphine withdrawal effects in rats\u2014a comparison with methadone and buprenorphine","volume":"11","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05418-6","article-title":"Assessing physiological dependence and withdrawal potential of mitragynine using schedule-controlled behaviour in rats","volume":"237","author":"Harun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.12.020","article-title":"Physiological and psychological symptoms and predictors in early nicotine withdrawal","volume":"89","author":"Morrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2015.02.003","article-title":"Assessment of affective and somatic signs of ethanol withdrawal in C57BL\/6J mice using a short term ethanol treatment","volume":"49","author":"Perez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0460","first-page":"100","article-title":"Naloxone precipitated-mitragynine withdrawal did not associate with increased anxiety-like behaviour in rats","volume":"24","author":"Harun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malays. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05934-4","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazol-like stimulus is not produced following naloxone-precipitated mitragynine withdrawal in rats","volume":"238","author":"Johari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430160212","article-title":"Drug discrimination procedures: A method to analyze adaptation level of affective states","volume":"16","author":"Gauvin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028340","article-title":"Mitragynine attenuates withdrawal syndrome in morphine-withdrawn zebrafish","volume":"6","author":"Khor","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.708019","article-title":"Methadone, buprenorphine, and clonidine attenuate mitragynine withdrawal in rats","volume":"12","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.09.054","article-title":"Antinociceptive effect of 7-hydroxymitragynine in mice: Discovery of an orally active opioid analgesic from the Thai medicinal herb Mitragyna speciosa","volume":"74","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0490","unstructured":"T. Hiranita, S. Obeng, A. Sharma, J.L. Wilkerson, C.R. McCurdy, L.R. McMahon, In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of kratom, Advances in Pharmacology, Academic Press, 2021, pp. 1054\u20133589 (in press)."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0495","first-page":"992","article-title":"7-Hydroxymitragynine is an active metabolite of mitragynine and a key mediator of its analgesic effects, ACS Cent","volume":"26","author":"Kruegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0500","first-page":"600","article-title":"Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to consider","volume":"50","author":"Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0505","first-page":"794","article-title":"Subcutaneous compared with intraperitoneal ketamine\u2013xylazine for anesthesia of mice","volume":"55","author":"Levin-Arama","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.33253","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence: an overview and update","volume":"49","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849","article-title":"DJCox, KE Smith, KE Dunn, RR Griffiths, Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic","volume":"208","author":"Garcia-Romeu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030439402200057X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030439402200057X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:42:34Z","timestamp":1759624954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030439402200057X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["S030439402200057X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3940","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mini review: Potential therapeutic values of mitragynine as an opioid substitution therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136500","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"136500"}}