{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:17:38Z","timestamp":1783163858885,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023790","name":"Advancing Science and Practice in the Retail Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23jf0126004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23jf0126004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26K02191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26K02191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T06:54:51Z","timestamp":1779432891000},"page":"105078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Microglial ontogeny and in vitro reconstruction: Bridging development and modeling"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8337-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mizuki","family":"Ono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hinako","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6576-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01847-5","article-title":"Monocyte-derived macrophages act as reinforcements when microglia fall short in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Abellanas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.03.042","article-title":"iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases","volume":"94","author":"Abud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0100-x","article-title":"Single-cell mass cytometry reveals distinct populations of brain myeloid cells in mouse neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration models","volume":"21","author":"Ajami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00113-3","article-title":"Microglia derive from progenitors, originating from the yolk sac, and which proliferate in the brain","volume":"117","author":"Alliot","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev. Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5611","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6611","article-title":"Neural progenitor cells orchestrate microglia migration and positioning into the developing cortex","volume":"5","author":"Arno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181290","article-title":"Impaired alphaVbeta8 and TGFbeta signaling lead to microglial dysmaturation and neuromotor dysfunction","volume":"216","author":"Arnold","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.041","article-title":"Coupled proliferation and apoptosis maintain the rapid turnover of microglia in the adult brain","volume":"18","author":"Askew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0192-3","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of brain region-specific microglia clearance activity","volume":"21","author":"Ayata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09662-z","article-title":"Lymphoid gene expression supports neuroprotective microglia function","volume":"648","author":"Ayata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112425","article-title":"Microglia colonize the developing brain by clonal expansion of highly proliferative progenitors, following allometric scaling","volume":"42","author":"Barry-Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113","article-title":"New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS","volume":"113","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(90)90073-V","article-title":"Immortalization of murine microglial cells by a v-raf\/v-myc carrying retrovirus","volume":"27","author":"Blasi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.04.043","article-title":"Diverse requirements for microglial survival, specification, and function revealed by defined-medium cultures","volume":"94","author":"Bohlen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpim.70","article-title":"Isolation and culture of microglia","volume":"125","author":"Bohlen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.09.014","article-title":"Microglia: immune and non-immune functions","volume":"54","author":"Borst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib16","first-page":"156","article-title":"The role of Galectin-3 in alpha-synuclein-induced microglial activation","volume":"2","author":"Boza-Serrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-025-01162-y","article-title":"Microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer disease","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.11.008","article-title":"A microglia-containing cerebral organoid model to study early life immune challenges","volume":"123","author":"Buonfiglioli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599","article-title":"Identification of a unique TGF-beta-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia","volume":"17","author":"Butovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3585","article-title":"Sall1 is a transcriptional regulator defining microglia identity and function","volume":"17","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0586-5","article-title":"Engineering of human brain organoids with a functional vascular-like system","volume":"16","author":"Cakir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28043-y","article-title":"Expression of the transcription factor PU.1 induces the generation of microglia-like cells in human cortical organoids","volume":"13","author":"Cakir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520760112","article-title":"Human cerebral organoids recapitulate gene expression programs of fetal neocortex development","volume":"112","author":"Camp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60100","article-title":"Sequential perturbations to mouse corticogenesis following in utero maternal immune activation","volume":"10","author":"Canales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2025.103062","article-title":"Microglia in early brain development: a window of opportunity","volume":"93","author":"Catale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.05.023","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of human microglia transplantation in a chimeric model of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy","volume":"112","author":"Chadarevian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eads6111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads6111","article-title":"Brain-wide microglia replacement using a nonconditioning strategy ameliorates pathology in mouse models of neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202717","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer's disease at single-cell level. Are there common patterns in humans and mice?","volume":"218","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1678-y","article-title":"Microglial depletion and repopulation in brain slice culture normalizes sensitized proinflammatory signaling","volume":"17","author":"Coleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2024.03.006","article-title":"Forward programming human pluripotent stem cells into microglia","volume":"34","author":"Csatari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03037-3","article-title":"Advanced patient-specific microglia cell models for pre-clinical studies in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"21","author":"Cuni-Lopez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4216","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3441-12.2013","article-title":"Microglia regulate the number of neural precursor cells in the developing cerebral cortex","volume":"33","author":"Cunningham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02676-9","article-title":"The niche matters: origin, function and fate of CNS-associated macrophages during health and disease","volume":"147","author":"Dalmau Gasull","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.020","article-title":"Local cues establish and maintain region-specific phenotypes of basal ganglia microglia","volume":"95","author":"De Biase","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00769-0","article-title":"Mef2C restrains microglial inflammatory response and is lost in brain ageing in an IFN-I-dependent manner","volume":"8","author":"Deczkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.592005","article-title":"Organotypic brain slice culture microglia exhibit molecular similarity to acutely-isolated adult microglia and provide a platform to study neuroinflammation","volume":"14","author":"Delbridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1288-0","article-title":"The human microglial HMC3 cell line: where do we stand? A systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Dello Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.009","article-title":"Microglia transcriptional states and their functional significance: Context drives diversity","volume":"58","author":"Depp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.04.023","article-title":"Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to microglia","volume":"8","author":"Douvaras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00149-w","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease modification mediated by bone marrow-derived macrophages via a TREM2-independent pathway in mouse model of amyloidosis","volume":"2","author":"Dvir-Szternfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.040","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain","volume":"82","author":"Elmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-4-10","article-title":"Effects of low dose GM-CSF on microglial inflammatory profiles to diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)","volume":"4","author":"Esen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010124","article-title":"Microglia-like cells promote neuronal functions in cerebral organoids","volume":"11","author":"Fagerlund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00447-4","article-title":"Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted into mouse brain to study human disease","volume":"16","author":"Fattorelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01528-8","article-title":"SALL1 enforces microglia-specific DNA binding and function of SMADs to establish microglia identity","volume":"24","author":"Fixsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-026-02457-y","article-title":"Distinct origins and niches determine the cellular responsiveness of CNS macrophages after repopulation","volume":"27","author":"Fliegauf","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib47","first-page":"215","article-title":"CNS border macrophages in health and disease","author":"Fliegauf","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46695-w","article-title":"Expression of ALS-PFN1 impairs vesicular degradation in iPSC-derived microglia","volume":"15","author":"Funes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2022.102672","article-title":"Modeling neuro-immune interactions using human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"79","author":"Garcia-Epelboim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0499-3","article-title":"Immortalization of primary microglia: a new platform to study HIV regulation in the central nervous system","volume":"23","author":"Garcia-Mesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.02.024","article-title":"Optimized protocols for isolation of primary motor neurons, astrocytes and microglia from embryonic mouse spinal cord","volume":"163","author":"Gingras","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0176-3","article-title":"The mysterious origins of microglia","volume":"21","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","article-title":"Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3423","article-title":"Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces","volume":"17","author":"Goldmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22393","article-title":"Development and homeostasis of \"resident\" myeloid cells: the case of the microglia","volume":"61","author":"Gomez Perdiguero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2024.103990","article-title":"Microglia-like cells from patient monocytes demonstrate increased phagocytic activity in probable Alzheimer's disease","volume":"132","author":"Gonul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.023","article-title":"Environment drives selection and function of enhancers controlling tissue-specific macrophage identities","volume":"159","author":"Gosselin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3222","article-title":"An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity","volume":"356","author":"Gosselin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.05.017","article-title":"A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response","volume":"8","author":"Haenseler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.004","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain reveals complex cell-state changes","volume":"50","author":"Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.988952","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of embryonic microglia in the developing brain","volume":"17","author":"Hattori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2025.04.004","article-title":"Microglial colonization routes and their impacts on cellular diversity","volume":"216","author":"Hattori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0312-18.2018","article-title":"Embryonic neocortical microglia express toll-like receptor 9 and respond to plasmid dna injected into the ventricle: technical considerations regarding microglial distribution in electroporated brain walls","volume":"5","author":"Hattori","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12632","article-title":"Microglia extensively survey the developing cortex via the CXCL12\/CXCR4 system to help neural progenitors to acquire differentiated properties","volume":"23","author":"Hattori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15409-3","article-title":"Transient microglial absence assists postmigratory cortical neurons in proper differentiation","volume":"11","author":"Hattori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112092","article-title":"CD206(+) macrophages transventricularly infiltrate the early embryonic cerebral wall to differentiate into microglia","volume":"42","author":"Hattori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05274-z","article-title":"Prenatal immune stress blunts microglia reactivity, impairing neurocircuitry","volume":"610","author":"Hayes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.011","article-title":"C-Myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"42","author":"Hoeffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)11792-H","article-title":"Establishment of human microglial cell lines after transfection of primary cultures of embryonic microglial cells with the SV40 large T antigen","volume":"195","author":"Janabi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7554","article-title":"Single-cell profiling identifies myeloid cell subsets with distinct fates during neuroinflammation","volume":"363","author":"Jordao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2016.05.001","article-title":"Depth and time-dependent heterogeneity of microglia in mouse hippocampal slice cultures","volume":"111","author":"Kasahara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040813","article-title":"Accumulating microglia phagocytose injured neurons in hippocampal slice cultures: involvement of p38 MAP kinase","volume":"7","author":"Katayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00907-4","article-title":"Microglia regulation of central nervous system myelin health and regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Kent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191535","article-title":"Microglia: same same, but different","volume":"216","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3318","article-title":"Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways","volume":"16","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba5906","article-title":"Human fetal microglia acquire homeostatic immune-sensing properties early in development","volume":"369","author":"Kracht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12517","article-title":"Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly","volume":"501","author":"Lancaster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.012","article-title":"Microglia maintain structural integrity during fetal brain morphogenesis","volume":"187","author":"Lawrence","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here?","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib80","article-title":"Immuno-regulation of brain region-specific organoids containing isogenic microglia-like cells","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Health Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59596-3","article-title":"Iterative transcription factor screening enables rapid generation of microglia-like cells from human iPSC","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02239-w","article-title":"Maternal immune activation alters fetal and neonatal microglia phenotype and disrupts neurogenesis in mice","volume":"93","author":"Loayza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pedia Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0091-5","article-title":"Fatal demyelinating disease is induced by monocyte-derived macrophages in the absence of TGF-beta signaling","volume":"19","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09461-6","article-title":"Therapeutic genetic restoration through allogeneic brain microglia replacement","volume":"646","author":"Mader","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0525-x","article-title":"Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted in mouse brain to study human disease","volume":"22","author":"Mancuso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4127","article-title":"An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids","volume":"36","author":"Mansour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01022-8","article-title":"Dissection of artifactual and confounding glial signatures by single-cell sequencing of mouse and human brain","volume":"25","author":"Marsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01811-7","article-title":"Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations","volume":"17","author":"Marsters","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.101.013","article-title":"Common and distinct features of diverse macrophage populations in the central nervous system","volume":"101","author":"Masuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0924-x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution","volume":"566","author":"Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0707-4","article-title":"Novel Hexb-based tools for studying microglia in the CNS","volume":"21","author":"Masuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04596-2","article-title":"Specification of CNS macrophage subsets occurs postnatally in defined niches","volume":"604","author":"Masuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1096","article-title":"Novel insights into the origin and development of CNS macrophage subsets","volume":"12","author":"Masuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.11.003","article-title":"Microglial lipid phosphatase SHIP1 limits complement-mediated synaptic pruning in the healthy developing hippocampus","volume":"58","author":"Matera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57684-y","article-title":"Radial glia integrin avb8 regulates cell autonomous microglial TGFbeta1 signaling that is necessary for microglial identity","volume":"16","author":"McKinsey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01014","article-title":"Microglial dynamics during human brain development","volume":"9","author":"Menassa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2022.07.015","article-title":"The spatiotemporal dynamics of microglia across the human lifespan","volume":"57","author":"Menassa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0418-8","article-title":"Isolation of primary microglia from the human post-mortem brain: effects of ante- and post-mortem variables","volume":"5","author":"Mizee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03076-w","article-title":"Impact of microglia isolation and culture methodology on transcriptional profile and function","volume":"21","author":"Mizrachi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0b013e3180517b46","article-title":"Entry and distribution of microglial cells in human embryonic and fetal cerebral cortex","volume":"66","author":"Monier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.01.011","article-title":"High-dimensional single-cell mapping of central nervous system immune cells reveals distinct myeloid subsets in health, aging, and disease","volume":"48","author":"Mrdjen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4189","article-title":"Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"22","author":"Muffat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.05.018","article-title":"Microglia protect against age-associated brain pathologies","volume":"112","author":"Munro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2001.0437","article-title":"Generation and characterization of immortalized human microglial cell lines: expression of cytokines and chemokines","volume":"8","author":"Nagai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05309.x","article-title":"Microglia-derived interleukin-6 and leukaemia inhibitory factor promote astrocytic differentiation of neural stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"25","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.11.018","article-title":"Microglial numbers attain adult levels after undergoing a rapid decrease in cell number in the third postnatal week","volume":"278","author":"Nikodemova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06684-2","article-title":"Microglia innately develop within cerebral organoids","volume":"9","author":"Ormel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib108","article-title":"Fetal brain response to maternal inflammation requires microglia","volume":"151","author":"Ostrem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202529","article-title":"Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development","volume":"333","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23985","article-title":"Transnasal transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia to the brain of immunocompetent mice","volume":"69","author":"Parajuli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06713-1","article-title":"iPS-cell-derived microglia promote brain organoid maturation via cholesterol transfer","volume":"623","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.030","article-title":"Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"155","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2025.08.012","article-title":"Early microglia progenitors colonize the embryonic CNS via integrin-mediated migration from the pial surface","volume":"61","author":"Petry","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.104987","article-title":"Neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory and pathological outcomes of chronic stress: a story of microglial remodeling","volume":"145","author":"Picard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.08.015","article-title":"Human microglia states are conserved across experimental models and regulate neural stem cell responses in chimeric organoids","volume":"28","author":"Popova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.008367","article-title":"MEF2: a central regulator of diverse developmental programs","volume":"134","author":"Potthoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3722","article-title":"Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: from origin to neuropsychiatric disease","volume":"15","author":"Prinz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-00544-y","article-title":"Comparative analysis of human microglial models for studies of HIV replication and pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.004","article-title":"The lifespan and turnover of microglia in the human brain","volume":"20","author":"Reu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70186","article-title":"Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34) differentially alter white matter and gray matter microglia and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells","volume":"169","author":"Rumberger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aai7635","article-title":"A human microglia-like cellular model for assessing the effects of neurodegenerative disease gene variants","volume":"9","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01962-2","article-title":"IRF8 defines the epigenetic landscape in postnatal microglia, thereby directing their transcriptome programs","volume":"25","author":"Saeki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.09.015","article-title":"Human monocyte-derived microglia-like cell models: a review of the benefits, limitations and recommendations","volume":"107","author":"Sargeant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.04.022","article-title":"An in vivo neuroimmune organoid model to study human microglia phenotypes","volume":"186","author":"Schafer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219179","article-title":"A lineage of myeloid cells independent of Myb and hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"336","author":"Schulz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24192","article-title":"The zinc finger transcription factor Sall1 is required for the early developmental transition of microglia in mouse embryos","volume":"70","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.08.003","article-title":"Microglia plasticity during health and disease: an immunological perspective","volume":"36","author":"Shemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07548-5","article-title":"Engrafted parenchymal brain macrophages differ from microglia in transcriptome, chromatin landscape and response to challenge","volume":"9","author":"Shemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22532-2","article-title":"Microglial neuropilin-1 promotes oligodendrocyte expansion during development and remyelination by trans-activating platelet-derived growth factor receptor","volume":"12","author":"Sherafat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000705","article-title":"Vascularized human cortical organoids (vOrganoids) model cortical development in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl9945","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl9945","article-title":"Treatment of a genetic brain disease by CNS-wide microglia replacement","volume":"14","author":"Shibuya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1552241","article-title":"Physiological roles of embryonic microglia and their perturbation by maternal inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Shimamura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01368-6","article-title":"Microglia across evolution: from conserved origins to functional divergence","volume":"22","author":"Shimizu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.08.014","article-title":"Microglia shape adult hippocampal neurogenesis through apoptosis-coupled phagocytosis","volume":"7","author":"Sierra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47444-6","article-title":"Functionalization of Brain Region-specific Spheroids with Isogenic Microglia-like Cells","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.07.042","article-title":"Microglia modulate wiring of the embryonic forebrain","volume":"8","author":"Squarzoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-115","article-title":"A comparative review of cell culture systems for the study of microglial biology in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Stansley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05056-7","article-title":"Pyramidal neuron subtype diversity governs microglia states in the neocortex","volume":"608","author":"Stogsdill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(91)90128-M","article-title":"A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue","volume":"37","author":"Stoppini","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23782","article-title":"Dystrophic microglia in late-onset Alzheimer's disease","volume":"68","author":"Streit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02492-2","article-title":"Yolk sac macrophage progenitors traffic to the embryo during defined stages of development","volume":"9","author":"Stremmel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114982","article-title":"Microglial APOE3 Christchurch protects neurons from Tau pathology in a human iPSC-based model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76707","article-title":"Generation of vascularized brain organoids to study neurovascular interactions","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25293","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913541116","article-title":"Human iPSC-derived microglia assume a primary microglia-like state after transplantation into the neonatal mouse brain","volume":"116","author":"Svoboda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors","volume":"126","author":"Takahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00576","article-title":"The role of microglia in bacterial meningitis: inflammatory response, experimental models and new neuroprotective therapeutic strategies","volume":"10","author":"Thorsdottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00242","article-title":"An overview of in vitro methods to study microglia","volume":"12","author":"Timmerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.02.001","article-title":"Chronic stress alters the density and morphology of microglia in a subset of stress-responsive brain regions","volume":"24","author":"Tynan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.021","article-title":"Early fate defines microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophage development","volume":"181","author":"Utz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0393-4","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of mouse brain macrophages reveals unique transcriptional identities shaped by ontogeny and tissue environment","volume":"22","author":"Van Hove","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25158","article-title":"Microglia-derived ASC specks cross-seed amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"552","author":"Venegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01245.x","article-title":"Early microglial colonization of the human forebrain and possible involvement in periventricular white-matter injury of preterm infants","volume":"217","author":"Verney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4363-08.2009","article-title":"Resting microglia directly monitor the functional state of synapses in vivo and determine the fate of ischemic terminals","volume":"29","author":"Wake","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.11.004","article-title":"Beneficial and detrimental functions of microglia during viral encephalitis","volume":"45","author":"Waltl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/2106","article-title":"The organotypic hippocampal slice culture model for examining neuronal injury","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2360","article-title":"IL-34 is a tissue-restricted ligand of CSF1R required for the development of Langerhans cells and microglia","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63458-3","article-title":"Targeting phagocytosis for amyloid-beta clearance: implications of morphology remodeling and microglia activation probed by bifunctional chimaeras","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03876-0","article-title":"Human brain organoids containing microglia that have arisen innately adapt to a beta-amyloid challenge better than those in which microglia are integrated by co-culture","volume":"15","author":"Wenzel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02566-3","article-title":"Microglia and complement mediate early corticostriatal synapse loss and cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease","volume":"29","author":"Wilton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99867-z","article-title":"vitro models of microglia: a comparative study","volume":"15","author":"Woolf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadr1015","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr1015","article-title":"Microglia replacement halts the progression of microgliopathy in mice and humans","volume":"389","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063088","article-title":"Microglia development and maturation and its implications for induction of microglia-like cells from human iPSCs","volume":"22","author":"Wurm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108041","article-title":"Efficient strategies for microglia replacement in the central nervous system","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2018.07.009","article-title":"The phenotypic and functional properties of mouse yolk-sac-derived embryonic macrophages","volume":"442","author":"Yosef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.03.018","article-title":"High yield primary microglial cultures using granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor from embryonic murine cerebral cortical tissue","volume":"307","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168010226000659?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168010226000659?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:37:24Z","timestamp":1783161444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168010226000659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":165,"alternative-id":["S0168010226000659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-0102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-0102","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microglial ontogeny and in vitro reconstruction: Bridging development and modeling","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neures.2026.105078","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105078"}}