{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:02:49Z","timestamp":1759939369205,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience Informatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T13:10:33Z","timestamp":1703164233000},"page":"100155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A curious case of retrogenesis in language: Automated analysis of language patterns observed in dementia patients and young children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9743-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changye","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Solinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0159-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serguei","family":"Pakhomov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610299005554","article-title":"Towards a science of Alzheimer's disease management: a model based upon current knowledge of retrogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Reisberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014170","article-title":"Retrogenesis: clinical, physiologic, and pathologic mechanisms in brain aging, Alzheimer's and other dementing processes","volume":"249","author":"Reisberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-121123","article-title":"The comparison of cognitive and functional performance in children and Alzheimer's disease supports the retrogenesis model","volume":"33","author":"Rubial-Alvarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.03.007","article-title":"A snake that bites its own tail. Acquisition and loss of concepts in children and semantic dementia patients through the analysis of drawings","volume":"128","author":"Pozueta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000272","article-title":"Retrogenesis of semantic knowledge: Comparative approach of acquisition and deterioration of concepts in semantic memory","volume":"30","author":"Simoes Loureiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0060","first-page":"653","article-title":"Functional assessment staging (FAST)","volume":"24","author":"Reisberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297005036","article-title":"Neurologic markers of the progression of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Franssen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000106948","article-title":"Atrophy of hippocampal formation subdivisions correlates with stage and duration of Alzheimer disease","volume":"6","author":"Bobinski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199704000-00010","article-title":"Relationships between regional neuronal loss and neurofibrillary changes in the hippocampal formation and duration and severity of Alzheimer disease","volume":"56","author":"Bobinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0100","first-page":"30","article-title":"Dementia: a systematic approach to identifying reversible causes","volume":"41","author":"Reisberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geriatrics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0110","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Functional degenerative stages in dementia of the Alzheimer's type appear to reverse normal human development","volume":"7","author":"Reisberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0120","series-title":"Neurodevelopment, Aging and Cognition","first-page":"345","article-title":"Dementia of the Alzheimer type recapitulates ontogeny inversely on specific ordinal and temporal parameters","author":"Reisberg","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.12.002","article-title":"The neural basis of language development and its impairment","volume":"52","author":"Friederici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.1.74","article-title":"Language lateralization in healthy right-handers","volume":"123","author":"Knecht","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.08.047","article-title":"Lateralization of ventral and dorsal auditory-language pathways in the human brain","volume":"24","author":"Parker","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23477","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905590117","article-title":"The neural basis of language development: Changes in lateralization over age","volume":"117","author":"Olulade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21219","article-title":"Neural signatures of semantic and phonemic fluency in young and old adults","volume":"21","author":"Meinzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00073","article-title":"Neural correlates of verb fluency performance in cognitively healthy older adults and individuals with dementia: a pilot fMRI study","volume":"12","author":"Paek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh129","article-title":"Developmental changes in human cerebral functional organization for word generation","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1999.2273","article-title":"Online measures of basic language skills in children with early focal brain lesions","volume":"71","author":"MacWhinney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008","article-title":"Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity","volume":"20","author":"Van Den Heuvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20177","article-title":"fMRI study of language lateralization in children and adults","volume":"27","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20817","article-title":"A longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study of language development in children 5 to 11 years old","volume":"59","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2602_7","article-title":"Verbal and nonverbal fluency in Spanish-speaking children","volume":"26","author":"Matute","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.1.61","article-title":"Disrupted temporal lobe connections in semantic dementia","volume":"122","author":"Mummery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711000932","article-title":"Characterizing the normal developmental trajectory of expressive language lateralization using magnetoencephalography","volume":"17","author":"Kadis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0875","article-title":"Normal fMRI brain activation patterns in children performing a verb generation task","volume":"14","author":"Holland","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.07.029","article-title":"Volumetric correlates of memory and executive function in normal elderly, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"406","author":"Duarte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0290","series-title":"Principles of Frontal Lobe Function","first-page":"392","article-title":"Fractionation and localization of distinct frontal lobe processes: Evidence from focal lesions in humans","author":"Stuss","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790903456183","article-title":"Action versus animal naming fluency in subcortical dementia, frontal dementias, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2006.06.012","article-title":"Using verbal fluency to detect very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"21","author":"Gomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170826","article-title":"The role of verb fluency in the detection of early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"62","author":"Alegret","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"year":"2001","series-title":"BDAE: The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination","author":"Goodglass","key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0330"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1999.2055","article-title":"Why do Alzheimer patients have difficulty with pronouns? Working memory, semantics, and reference in comprehension and production in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"67","author":"Almor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(85)90124-5","article-title":"Language disintegration in dementia: Effects of etiology and severity","volume":"25","author":"Hier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000886","article-title":"Revisiting the hypothesis of language retrogenesis from an evolutionary perspective","author":"Ben\u00edtez-Burraco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039608248419","article-title":"Performance on the Boston cookie theft picture description task in patients with early dementia of the Alzheimer's type: missing information","volume":"10","author":"Giles","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0380","series-title":"Speech Communication, 13th ITG-Symposium","first-page":"1","article-title":"ANN-based Alzheimer's disease classification from bag of words","author":"Klumpp","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0390","series-title":"ICASSP 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"5841","article-title":"Automatic diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using neural network language models","author":"Fritsch","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0400","series-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Online","first-page":"1946","article-title":"A tale of two perplexities: Sensitivity of neural language models to lexical retrieval deficits in dementia of the Alzheimer's type","author":"Cohen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0410","series-title":"Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","first-page":"1866","article-title":"GPT-D: Inducing dementia-related linguistic anomalies by deliberate degradation of artificial neural language models","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0420","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","volume":"1","author":"Radford","year":"2019","journal-title":"OpenAI Blog"},{"year":"2004","series-title":"TNL: Test of Narrative Language","author":"Gillam","key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0430"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0440","first-page":"360","article-title":"Trestle: Toolkit for reproducible execution of speech, text and language experiments","volume":"2023","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"AMIA Summits Transl. Sci. Proc."},{"author":"Bahdanau","key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0450"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0460","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"vol. 30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2016299","article-title":"Perplexity\u2014a measure of the difficulty of speech recognition tasks","volume":"62","author":"Jelinek","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-010-0037-9","article-title":"Computerized assessment of syntactic complexity in Alzheimer's disease: A case study of Iris Murdoch's writing","volume":"43","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0490","series-title":"Biological, Translational, and Clinical Language Processing","first-page":"1","article-title":"Syntactic complexity measures for detecting mild cognitive impairment","author":"Roark","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1075\/ijcl.14.1.02lu","article-title":"Automatic measurement of syntactic complexity in child language acquisition","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Corpus Linguist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0510","first-page":"444","article-title":"A model and an hypothesis for language structure","volume":"104","author":"Yngve","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0520","series-title":"Natural Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational, and Theoretical Perspectives","first-page":"129","article-title":"Syntactic complexity","author":"Frazier","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(98)00034-1","article-title":"Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies","volume":"68","author":"Gibson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0540","series-title":"COLING 1996: The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Volume 2","article-title":"On the structural complexity of natural language sentences","author":"Lin","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0550","series-title":"Coling 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Stanford typed dependencies representation","author":"de Marneffe","year":"2008"},{"author":"Gardner","key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0560"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/13825589408256581","article-title":"Oral language and Alzheimer's disease: A reduction in syntactic complexity","volume":"1","author":"Lyons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.1603.187","article-title":"A study of the syntactic language skills of normal school-age children","volume":"16","author":"Klecan-Aker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Schools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155_br0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1075\/lia.18013.del","article-title":"Syntax and working memory in typically-developing children: Focus on syntactic complexity","volume":"10","author":"Delage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lang. Interact. Acquis."}],"container-title":["Neuroscience Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772528623000407?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772528623000407?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T11:15:51Z","timestamp":1757416551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772528623000407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2772528623000407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-5286"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2772-5286"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A curious case of retrogenesis in language: Automated analysis of language patterns observed in dementia patients and young children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroscience Informatics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuri.2023.100155","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100155"}}