{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:35:26Z","timestamp":1793118926077,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RBFR12LDOW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RBFR12LDOW"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC_CRP_034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC_CRP_034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP RASSR03071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP RASSR03071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR 2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroToxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T11:13:18Z","timestamp":1570792398000},"page":"17-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Novel halogenated synthetic cannabinoids impair sensorimotor functions in mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Sabrine","family":"Bilel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"Tirri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Arf\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ossato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Trapella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Serpelloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Fattore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01865a508","article-title":"Conversion of cannabidiol to a product with marihuana activity","volume":"62","author":"Adams","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)09592-8","article-title":"Evaluation of cannabinoid receptor binding and in vivo activities for anandamide analogs","volume":"273","author":"Adams","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00582.x","article-title":"JWH018, a common constituent of \u201cspice\u201d herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB receptor agonist","volume":"160","author":"Atwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1558","article-title":"\u201cSpice\u201d and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?","volume":"44","author":"Auw\u00e4rter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00107","article-title":"Effects of bioisosteric fluorine in synthetic cannabinoid designer drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135","volume":"6","author":"Banister","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.06.027","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its halogenated derivatives JWH-018-cl and JWH-018-Br impair novel object recognition in mice: behavioral, electrophysiological and neurochemical evidence","volume":"109","author":"Barbieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1660","article-title":"Modulation of the startle response and startle laterality in relatives of schizophrenic patients and in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of inhibitory deficits","volume":"157","author":"Cadenhead","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90355-6","article-title":"Pharmacological evaluation of halogenated delta 8-THC analogs","volume":"40","author":"Charalambous","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications","volume":"144","author":"Castaneto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2014.929364","article-title":"Use of synthetic cannabinoids in patients with psychotic disorders: case series","volume":"10","author":"Celofiga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dual Diagn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv136","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine of individuals suspected of driving impaired","volume":"40","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.08.002","article-title":"Therapeutic use of synthetic cannabinoids: still an open issue?","volume":"40","author":"De Luca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1535","article-title":"Analysis of AM-2201 and metabolites in a drugs and driving case","volume":"6","author":"Elian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0070","series-title":"Understanding the \u2018Spice\u2019 Phenomenon. Thematic Papers","author":"EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0075","series-title":"European Drug Report 2018: Trends and Developments","author":"EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03119.x","article-title":"Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid-receptor agonists such as JWH-018 may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals","volume":"105","author":"Every-Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study","volume":"117","author":"Every-Palmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2560","article-title":"1-Cyclohexyl-x-methoxybenzene derivatives, novel psychoactive substances seized on the internet market. Synthesis and in vivo pharmacological studies in mice","volume":"32","author":"Fantinati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.02.001","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids-further evidence supporting the relationship between cannabinoids and psychosis","volume":"79","author":"Fattore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00060","article-title":"Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs","volume":"5","author":"Fattore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.10.007","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid AM2201 induces seizures: involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors and glutamatergic transmission","volume":"338","author":"Funada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.925562","article-title":"\u2018Crazy Monkey\u2019 poisons man and dog: human and canine seizures due to PB-22, a novel synthetic cannabinoid","volume":"52","author":"Gugelmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0115","first-page":"53","article-title":"Pharmacology, toxicology, and adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoid drugs","volume":"26","author":"Gurney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.04.039","article-title":"Safety pharmacology\u2014current and emerging concepts","volume":"273","author":"Hamdam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12334","article-title":"Disruption of hippocampal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation by psychoactive synthetic cannabinoid\u2019 Spice\u2019 compounds: comparison with \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"22","author":"Hoffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.240572","article-title":"Apparent affinity estimates and reversal of the effects of synthetic cannabinoids AM-2201, CP-47,497, JWH-122, and JWH-250 by rimonabant in Rhesus monkeys","volume":"362","author":"Hruba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0135","series-title":"US Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry: Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals (S7A)","author":"ICH, S7A","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401402","article-title":"Comprehensive observational assessment: Ia. A systematic, quantitative procedure for assessing the behavioral and physiologic state of the mouse","volume":"13","author":"Irwin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000196","article-title":"Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol discriminative stimulus effects of AM2201 and related aminoalkylindole analogs in rats","volume":"27","author":"J\u00e4rbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.10.1301","article-title":"Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia","volume":"148","author":"Javitt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/00397918408063751","article-title":"A procedure for the conversion of cannabidiol into 12\u00df-substituted tetrahydrocannabinols (THC\u2019s): synthesis of 12\u00df-hydroxy-\u03948-THC1","volume":"14","author":"Jorapur","year":"1984","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.11.012","article-title":"Concentrations of APINACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from six impaired drivers compared to previous reported concentrations of other synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"246","author":"Karinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105057516","article-title":"Chronic cannabis use is associated with attention-modulated reduction in prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in healthy humans","volume":"20","author":"Kedzior","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00098-7","article-title":"The neurobiology of startle","volume":"59","author":"Koch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90253-M","article-title":"Effects of NMDA receptor ligands on sensorimotor gating in the rat","volume":"202","author":"Mansbach","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2008.05.034","article-title":"Exploring the substituent effects on a novel series of C1\u2019-dimethyl-aryl Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol analogs","volume":"16","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2012.678829","article-title":"Halogen bonding for rational drug design and new drug discovery","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00478-5","article-title":"Marona-Lewicka, D., Rhee, G.S., Sprague, J.E., Nichols, D.E., 1995. Psychostimulant-like effects of p-fluoroamphetamine in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 287, 105-113","volume":"287","author":"Marona-Lewicka","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0195","series-title":"Proceeding of the First Monothematic Congress of the Italian Society of Pharmacology: \u201cOld and New Drugs of Abuse, Issues and Research Approaches\u201d","first-page":"17","article-title":"JWH- 018 and its N-pentyl-halogenated derivates impair sensory motor functions in mice","author":"Marti","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90349-7","article-title":"Behavioral, biochemical, and molecular modeling evaluations of cannabinoid analogs","volume":"40","author":"Martin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0205","first-page":"239","article-title":"A performance standard for clinical and functional observational battery examinations of rats","volume":"15","author":"Mattsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1379-2","article-title":"First European case of convulsions related to analytically confirmed use of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AM-2201","volume":"69","author":"McQuade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1055\/s-1981-29671","article-title":"An improved synthesis of cannabinol and cannabiorcol","volume":"12","author":"Meltzer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8070123","article-title":"Sales and advertising channels of new psychoactive substances (NPS): internet, social networks, and smartphone apps","volume":"8","author":"Miliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0864-1","article-title":"Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids (\u201cspice\u201d): a case series","volume":"128","author":"Musshoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1208\/aapsj060430","article-title":"The role of halogen substitution in classical cannabinoids: a CB1 pharmacophore model","volume":"6","author":"Nikas","year":"2004","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.05.021","article-title":"JWH-018 impairs sensorimotor functions in mice","volume":"300","author":"Ossato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.01.007","article-title":"Effect of JWH-250, JWH-073 and their interaction on \"tetrad\", sensorimotor, neurological and neurochemical responses in mice","volume":"67","author":"Ossato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.08.017","article-title":"Neurological, sensorimotor and cardiorespiratory alterations induced by methoxetamine, ketamine and phencyclidine in mice","volume":"141","author":"Ossato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12216","article-title":"K2 toxicity: fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM2201 exposure","volume":"58","author":"Patton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00303","article-title":"Cannabidiol, among other cannabinoid drugs, modulates prepulse inhibition of startle in the SHR animal model: implications for schizophrenia pharmacotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Peres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-8206.2002.00061.x","article-title":"New perspectives in CNS safety pharmacology","volume":"16","author":"Porsolt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2005.04.005","article-title":"Spectrum of effects detected in the rat functional observational battery following oral administration of non-CNS targeted compounds","volume":"52","author":"Redfern","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.12.012","article-title":"Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones","volume":"25","author":"Rickli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2017.06.004","article-title":"A new challenge in forensic toxicology exemplified by a case of murder under the influence of a synthetic cannabinoid - AM-2201","volume":"27","author":"Rojek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20174","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Schifano","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.029","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids found in \"spice\" products alter body temperature and cardiovascular parameters in conscious male rats","volume":"179","author":"Schindler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.04.017","article-title":"Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"39","author":"Seely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)20744-3","article-title":"Evaluation of binding in a transfected cell line expressing a peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2): identification of cannabinoid receptor subtype selective ligands","volume":"278","author":"Showalter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.01.024","article-title":"Pharmacological profiles of aminoindanes, piperazines, and pipradrolderivatives","volume":"88","author":"Simmler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00162","article-title":"Viral vector-mediated selective and reversible blockade of the pathway for visual orienting in mice","volume":"7","author":"Sooksawate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428203","article-title":"The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice","volume":"85","author":"Steru","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14066","article-title":"Neurocognition and subjective experience following acute doses of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018: a phase 1, placebo-controlled, pilot study","volume":"175","author":"Theunissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-012-0232-4","article-title":"Psychosis from a bath salt product containing flephedrone and MDPV with serum, urine, and product quantification","volume":"8","author":"Thornton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)90158-9","article-title":"Halogenated cannabinoid synthesis","volume":"49","author":"Tius","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.09.009","article-title":"Prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids in blood samples from Norwegian drivers suspected of impaired driving during a seven weeks period","volume":"62","author":"Tuv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.01.004","article-title":"Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products","volume":"198","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.013","article-title":"Characterization of four new designer drugs, 5-chloro-NNEI, NNEI indazole analog, \u03b1-PHPP and \u03b1-POP, with 11 newly distributed designer drugs in illegal products","volume":"243","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0350","unstructured":"UNODC, Global SMART Update Volume 13, March 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0355","unstructured":"UNODC, Global SMART Update Volume 17, March 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.46.1462","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacological activities in mice of halogenated delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives","volume":"46","author":"Usami","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.47.1641","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation in mice of halogenated cannabidiol derivatives","volume":"47","author":"Usami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.02.008","article-title":"Novel halogenated derivates of JWH-018: behavioral and binding studies in mice","volume":"95","author":"Vigolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.081","article-title":"Behavioural disturbances and altered Fos protein expression in adult rats after chronic pubertal cannabinoid treatment","volume":"1253","author":"Wegener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00156","article-title":"Synthetic cathinone and cannabinoid designer drugs pose a major risk for public health","volume":"8","author":"Weinstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)97626-9","article-title":"Hashish: synthesis of (-)-7-hydroxy-\u03941(6)- tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"12","author":"Weinhardt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.09.011","article-title":"Moving around the molecule: relationship between chemical structure and in vivo activity of synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"97","author":"Wiley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-7668-0","article-title":"Metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids PB-22 and its 5-fluoro analog, 5F-PB-22, by human hepatocyte incubation and high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"406","author":"Wohlfarth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt065","article-title":"Blood synthetic cannabinoid concentrations in cases of suspected impaired driving","volume":"37","author":"Yeakel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.43.335","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacological effects in mice of halogenated cannabinol derivatives","volume":"43","author":"Yoshida","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0410","series-title":"Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease: Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, and Drugs of Abuse in Everyday Lifestyles","first-page":"341","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances: a new behavioral and mental health threat","author":"Zanda","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002_bib0415","first-page":"464","article-title":"Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of \u201cspice gold\u201d","volume":"106","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch. Artzebl. Int."}],"container-title":["NeuroToxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161813X19301093?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161813X19301093?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:54:22Z","timestamp":1777492462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161813X19301093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["S0161813X19301093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-813X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-813X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Novel halogenated synthetic cannabinoids impair sensorimotor functions in mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroToxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.10.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}