{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:43:53Z","timestamp":1787161433423,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroToxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T13:43:14Z","timestamp":1690378994000},"page":"29-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Rivastigmine ameliorates botulinum-induced hippocampal damage and spatial memory impairment in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Keyvan","family":"Mehri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohreh Zavvari","family":"Oskuye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Nassireslami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmail","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10443","article-title":"Animal model of dementia induced by entorhinal synaptic damage and partial restoration of cognitive deficits by BDNF and carnitine","volume":"70","author":"Ando","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A","volume":"3689\u201396","author":"Antonucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.shefa.4.4.99","article-title":"Neurological alterations in cognitive impairment","volume":"4","author":"Barati Dowom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. J. Shefaye Khatam"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110266108","article-title":"CA1 neurons in the human hippocampus are critical for autobiographical memory, mental time travel, and autonoetic consciousness","volume":"108","author":"Bartsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib5","series-title":"Pflugers Archiv-European Journal Of Physiology","first-page":"10010","article-title":"Effects of type a botulinum toxin on some synaptic transmissions in spinal-cord of cats","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033939","article-title":"Action of botulinum neurotoxins in the central nervous system: antiepileptic effects","volume":"9","author":"Bozzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10050175","article-title":"Exploiting botulinum neurotoxins for the study of brain physiology and pathology","volume":"10","author":"Caleo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24856","article-title":"The synaptic blocker botulinum toxin A decreases the density and complexity of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the adult mouse hippocampus","volume":"99","author":"Chacon\u2010De\u2010La\u2010Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01100-8","article-title":"Neuromodulation of prefrontal cortex cognitive function in primates: the powerful roles of monoamines and acetylcholine","volume":"47","author":"Cools","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20471","article-title":"Reduced cholinergic status in hippocampus produces spatial memory deficits when combined with kainic acid induced seizures","volume":"18","author":"Craig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2017.00102","article-title":"Modulation of hippocampal circuits by muscarinic and nicotinic receptors","volume":"11","author":"Dannenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA3 to CA1 synapses may be induced in vivo by activation of septal cholinergic inputs","author":"Dobryakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.022","article-title":"A specific role for septohippocampal acetylcholine in memory?","volume":"50","author":"Easton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.03.004","article-title":"The role of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine and rivastigmine on chronic pain and cognitive function in aging: a review of recent clinical applications","volume":"5","author":"Eldufani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer'S. Dement.: Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209821200","article-title":"Evaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of botulinum neurotoxin B, C1, E, and F compared with the long lasting type A: basis for distinct durations of inhibition of exocytosis in central neurons","volume":"278","author":"Foran","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318790020","article-title":"Botulinum toxin conditioning enhances motor axon regeneration in mouse and human preclinical models","volume":"32","author":"Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-015-9540-z","article-title":"Central action of botulinum toxin type A\u2013is it possible?","volume":"47","author":"Galazka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.09.002","article-title":"The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory","volume":"16","author":"Hasselmo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib19","first-page":"124","article-title":"Intracerebrally applied botulinum neurotoxin in experimental neuroscience","volume":"14","author":"Hawlitschka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.06.008","article-title":"Effects of intrastriatal botulinum neurotoxin A on the behavior of Wistar rats","volume":"234","author":"Holzmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.1.1.34664","article-title":"Rivastigmine, a new\u2010generation cholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Jann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacother.: J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0285-y","article-title":"Single intracerebroventricular injection of botulinum toxin type A produces slow onset and long-term memory impairment in rats","volume":"116","author":"Lackovi\u0107","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00210-5","article-title":"The journey of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins in neurons","volume":"11","author":"Lalli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100359","article-title":"Structural plasticity and hippocampal function","volume":"61","author":"Leuner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00411.x","article-title":"Comparative studies of huperzine A, donepezil, and rivastigmine on brain acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in freely-moving rats","volume":"27","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fbp.0000129746.14753.1e","article-title":"Central injection of botulinum neurotoxins: behavioural effects in mice","volume":"15","author":"Luvisetto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.02.074","article-title":"The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves","volume":"580","author":"Mahrhold","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"issue":"6207","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254960","article-title":"Motor skill learning requires active central myelination","volume":"346","author":"McKenzie","year":"2014","journal-title":"science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.041","article-title":"Loss of muscarinic M1 receptor exacerbates Alzheimer's disease\u2013like pathology and cognitive decline","volume":"179","author":"Medeiros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.60343","article-title":"Botulinum toxin","volume":"55","author":"Nigam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2017.00100","article-title":"Cholinergic modulation of cortical microcircuits is layer-specific: evidence from rodent, monkey and human brain","volume":"11","author":"Obermayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.05.032","article-title":"Neurophysiological changes after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin","volume":"123","author":"Palomar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.036","article-title":"Acetylcholine as a neuromodulator: cholinergic signaling shapes nervous system function and behavior","volume":"76","author":"Picciotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14997-3","article-title":"Injection of high dose botulinum-toxin A leads to impaired skeletal muscle function and damage of the fibrilar and non-fibrilar structures","volume":"7","author":"Pingel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.012658","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins: biology, pharmacology, and toxicology","volume":"35","author":"Pirazzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11120686","article-title":"Tables of toxicity of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins","volume":"11","author":"Rossetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0701-1","article-title":"Acetylcholine receptors in dementia and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"35","author":"Sabri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.09.005","article-title":"Masticatory hypofunction effects induced by BTXA injection of hippocampal neurons in developing rats","volume":"96","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.07.010","article-title":"Impaired coupling of muscarinic M1 receptors to G-proteins in the neocortex is associated with severity of dementia in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"27","author":"Tsang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"3557","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.139.3557.847","article-title":"Botulinus toxin: effect on the central nervous system of man","volume":"139","author":"Tyler","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400796","article-title":"Entering neurons: botulinum toxins and synaptic vesicle recycling","volume":"7","author":"Verderio","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7694","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.13.7694","article-title":"Clostridial neurotoxins and substrate proteolysis in intact neurons: botulinum neurotoxin C acts on synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (\u2217)","volume":"271","author":"Williamson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6974(05)80120-3","article-title":"A grading system for mesial temporal pathology (hippocampal sclerosis) from anterior temporal lobectomy","volume":"5","author":"Wyler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Epilepsy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03133-9","article-title":"Intramuscular injection of BOTOX\u00ae boosts learning and memory in adult mice in association with enriched circulation of platelets and enhanced density of pyramidal neurons in the Hippocampus","volume":"45","author":"Yesudhas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."}],"container-title":["NeuroToxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161813X23001006?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161813X23001006?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T14:26:50Z","timestamp":1758983210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161813X23001006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0161813X23001006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-813X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-813X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rivastigmine ameliorates botulinum-induced hippocampal damage and spatial memory impairment in male rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroToxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2023.07.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}