{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T06:28:12Z","timestamp":1793600892229,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ80785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ80785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZZTS0318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZZTS0318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016104","name":"Key Project of Research and Development Plan of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFF1503600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFF1503600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroToxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:38:05Z","timestamp":1774885085000},"page":"103441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cadmium exposure and cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults: Linking neurocognitive deficits with systemic inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linshen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangguang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib1","article-title":"Immune cell counts in cerebrospinal fluid predict cognitive function in aging and neurodegenerative disease","author":"A","year":"2023","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib2","article-title":"Urinary arsenic and cadmium associations with findings from cranial mri in american indians: data from the strong heart study","author":"A","year":"2025","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1976-1","article-title":"The increase of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Ak\u0131l","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205017666200103110521","article-title":"Association of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio with mild cognitive impairment in elderly chinese adults: a case-control study","volume":"16","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16558","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316558","article-title":"Mechanisms of cadmium neurotoxicity","volume":"24","author":"Arruebarrena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib6","article-title":"Cortical bio metals: changed levels in suicide and with mood disorders","author":"B","year":"2019","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib7","first-page":"afac173","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among community dwellers aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiology studies","volume":"51","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-126","article-title":"The association between cognitive function and white matter lesion location in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Bolandzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib9","unstructured":"Bovio, F. The cadmium altered oxidative homeostasis leads to energetic metabolism rearrangement, Nrf2 activation with increased GSH production and reduced SOD1 activity in neural cells. \u3008https:\/\/boa.unimib.it\/handle\/10281\/309982\u3009 (2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060492","article-title":"Cadmium-induced oxidative stress: focus on the central nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Branca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib11","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: prevalence and incidence according to different diagnostic criteria","author":"Busse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib12","unstructured":"C, S., et al. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB): Co-norming and standardization in China. PubMed \u3008https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26441005\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-00963-0","article-title":"Drivers and mechanisms of cognitive decline in chronic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Capasso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib14","article-title":"Altered peripheral profile of blood cells in Alzheimer disease: a hospital-based case-control study","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib15","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; systemic immune-inflammatory Index: inflammatory indicators of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia patients","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-13","article-title":"Associations between cadmium exposure and neurocognitive test scores in a cross-sectional study of US adults","volume":"12","author":"Ciesielski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.04.021","article-title":"Specific locations within the white matter and cortex are involved in the cognitive impairments associated with periventricular white matter lesions (PWMLs)","volume":"289","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00332","article-title":"Predictive value of routine peripheral blood biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib19","article-title":"Parallel mediating effects of anxiety and depression on the relationship between sleep quality and fear of progression in individuals recovering from COVID-19","author":"F","year":"2025","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib20","article-title":"Brain-immune interaction mechanisms: Implications for cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders","author":"F","year":"2022","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib21","article-title":"Relative contribution of CTR1 and DMT1 in copper transport by the blood-CSF barrier: implication in manganese-induced neurotoxicity","author":"G","year":"2012","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib22","unstructured":"GBZ\/T 308-2018, Determination of Multiple Metals in Urine by ICP-MS. \u3008https:\/\/www.bzxz.net\/bzxz\/165782.html\u30092018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113782","article-title":"The effects of cadmium toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Genchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib24","article-title":"The gut-brain axis and its role in controlling eating behavior in intestinal inflammation","author":"Gw","year":"2021","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib25","article-title":"Associations between blood cadmium levels and cognitive function in a cross-sectional study of US adults aged 60 years or older","author":"H","year":"2018","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib26","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical correlation factors of cognitive impairment in patients with major depressive disorder hospitalized during the acute phase","author":"H","year":"2024","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib27","unstructured":"H, W., Jj, L., H, G., Z, X. & Jy, C. Cadmium-induced gut dysbiosis precedes the onset of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits in mice. PubMed \u3008https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40850461\/\u3009.2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acac002","article-title":"Validation of and demographically adjusted normative data for the learning ratio derived from the RAVLT in robustly intact older adults","volume":"37","author":"Hammers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib29","unstructured":"Heavy Metal\/Creatinine Ratio, with Reflex, Urine. Clinical & Interpretive.2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib30","article-title":"Zinc as a countermeasure for cadmium toxicity","author":"Ht","year":"2021","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13569","article-title":"Peripheral inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02988-7","article-title":"Interaction between \u03c9-6 fatty acids intake and blood cadmium on the risk of low cognitive performance in older adults from national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2011-2014","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib33","article-title":"ICP-MS multi-elemental analysis of the human meninges collected from sudden death victims in South-Eastern Poland","author":"J","year":"2022","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib34","article-title":"Exposure to multiple metals and cerebral white matter hyperintensity in chinese population: a cross-sectional study","author":"J","year":"2025","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib35","article-title":"Disruption in the blood-brain barrier: the missing link between brain and body inflammation in bipolar disorder?","author":"Jp","year":"2025","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib36","article-title":"Blood cadmium levels and Alzheimer\u2019s disease mortality risk in older US adults","author":"Jy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib37","article-title":"Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation","author":"K","year":"2019","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2021-x","article-title":"Estimation of the benchmark dose of urinary cadmium as the reference level for renal dysfunction: a large sample study in five cadmium polluted areas in China","volume":"15","author":"Ke","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib39","article-title":"Cadmium, an environmental contaminant, exacerbates alzheimer's pathology in the aged mice's brain","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01862-8","article-title":"Renal dysfunction is associated with decline of cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: Korean frailty and aging cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib41","article-title":"Exploring the links among peripheral immunity, biomarkers, cognition, and neuroimaging in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117162","article-title":"High cadmium exposure impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis via disruption of store-operated calcium entry","volume":"286","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104041","article-title":"Elevated blood neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in older adults with cognitive impairment","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144072","article-title":"Higher blood cadmium level is associated with greater cognitive decline in rural Chinese adults aged 65 or older","volume":"756","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib45","article-title":"Association of peripheral blood cell profile with alzheimer\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","author":"Lt","year":"2022","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209808","article-title":"Association of urinary cadmium concentration with cognitive impairment in US adults: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib47","article-title":"Heavy metals and essential metals are associated with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"M","year":"2022","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae048","article-title":"Cadmium inhibits calcium activity in hippocampal CA1 neurons of freely moving mice","volume":"200","author":"Matsushita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib49","article-title":"Associations between metal exposures and cognitive function in American older adults","author":"N","year":"2022","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.02.027","article-title":"Modality specificity in the cerebro-cerebellar neurocircuitry during working memory","volume":"305","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib51","article-title":"Cadmium and Alzheimer\u2019s disease mortality in U.S. adults: Updated evidence with a urinary biomarker and extended follow-up time","author":"Q","year":"2017","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib52","unstructured":"Quick R., Brouder A. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management. 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib53","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of MCCB cognitive impairment in unmedicated patients with bipolar II depression and major depressive disorder","author":"S","year":"2022","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib54","article-title":"Health risk in a geographic area of thailand with endemic cadmium contamination: focus on albuminuria","author":"S","year":"2023","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib55","unstructured":"S, J., H, Y., F, H. & W, F. Systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation and perioperative neurocognitive disorders. PubMed \u3008https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37688642\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib56","article-title":"Recent progress toward understanding the role of ZIP14 in regulating systemic manganese homeostasis","author":"S","year":"2023","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib57","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapy as a promising target in neuropsychiatric disorders","author":"S","year":"2023","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21651","article-title":"Peripheral markers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: surveillance of white blood cells","volume":"67","author":"Shad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712000677","article-title":"Deep versus periventricular white matter lesions and cognitive function in a community sample of middle-aged participants","volume":"18","author":"Soriano-Raya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Int Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib60","article-title":"Comparison of metal levels between postmortem brain and ventricular fluid in alzheimer\u2019s disease and nondemented elderly controls","author":"St","year":"2016","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008467","article-title":"Sex-specific norms for verbal memory tests may improve diagnostic accuracy of amnestic MCI","volume":"93","author":"Sundermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib62","article-title":"Exposure to cadmium and other trace elements among individuals with mild cognitive impairment","author":"T","year":"2024","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib63","article-title":"6-amino flavone attenuates cadmium-related memory impairment and neuroinflammation through p-jnk\/nf-\u03bab pathway inhibition in mice","volume":"2","author":"Tasleem","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. & Health Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib64","first-page":"133","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment","volume":"101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib65","unstructured":"U. S. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. NHANES 2013-2014 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies: Metals Urine (UM_H). \u3008https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/UM_H.htm\u3009. (2016)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation","volume":"60","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib67","unstructured":"W, N., et al. Association of single and combined effects of blood heavy metals with cognitive function in older adults of the United States: A cross-sectional study. \u3008https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-4786268\/v1\u30092024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib68","article-title":"Systemic inflammation markers (SII and SIRI) as predictors of cognitive performance: evidence from NHANES 2011-2014","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/898034","article-title":"Cadmium and its neurotoxic effects","volume":"2013","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050527","article-title":"Neutron activation analysis techniques for identifying elemental status in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"113","author":"Ward","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib71","unstructured":"World's Worst Pollution Problems. The new top six toxic threats: a priority list for remediation 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib72","unstructured":"WS\/T 97-1996, Urine Determination of creatinine spectrophotometric method. \u3008https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/pyl\/201212\/34134.shtml\u3009(1997)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib73","article-title":"Environmental exposure to cadmium: health risk assessment and its associations with hypertension and impaired kidney function","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib74","article-title":"Relationships between urinary metals concentrations and cognitive performance among U.S. older people in NHANES 2011-2014","author":"X","year":"2022","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib75","article-title":"Relation between cadmium body burden and cognitive function in older men: A cross-sectional study in China","author":"Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib76","unstructured":"Y, L., et al. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers phenotypic alterations in the monocytes in a Chinese population with chronic cadmium exposure. PubMed \u3008https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33444878\/\u3009 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib77","article-title":"The impact of metals on cognitive impairment in the elderly and the mediating role of oxidative stress: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China","author":"Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109583","article-title":"Maternal cadmium exposure and neurobehavior in children: the HOME study","volume":"186","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441_bib79","article-title":"Single and joint exposure of Pb, Cd, Hg, Se, Cu, and Zn were associated with cognitive function of older adults","author":"Z","year":"2024","journal-title":"PubMed"}],"container-title":["NeuroToxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161813X26000628?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161813X26000628?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T05:45:27Z","timestamp":1793598327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161813X26000628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S0161813X26000628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-813X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-813X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cadmium exposure and cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults: Linking neurocognitive deficits with systemic inflammation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroToxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103441","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103441"}}