{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T06:28:07Z","timestamp":1793600887571,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroToxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:14:09Z","timestamp":1778825649000},"page":"103469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toxic metal exposure and biomarkers of neurotoxic effects: A study in metal recycling workers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Me\u015fide","family":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00f6z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fekerci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman G\u00f6khan","family":"\u00d6zak\u0131nc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Erdem","family":"Alag\u00fcney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcls\u00fcm","family":"Abu\u015fo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Servet Birgin","family":"\u0130rita\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vugar Ali","family":"T\u00fcrksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berrin","family":"Telatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070580","article-title":"Toxicity of heavy metals and recent advances in their removal: a review","volume":"11","author":"Abd Elnabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3","article-title":"Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders","volume":"18","author":"Abdelhak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2011-0664","article-title":"Effect of endurance exercise training on the expression of GFAP, S100B, and NSE in the striatum of chronic\/progressive mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Al-Jarrah","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib4","series-title":"TLVsandBEIs: Threshold Limit ValuesforChemicalSubstancesandPhysicalAgents","author":"American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrialHygienists (ACGIH)","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0267-x","article-title":"Lead, arsenic, and manganese metal mixture exposures: focus on biomarkers of effect","volume":"166","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6040065","article-title":"Heavy metal mixture exposure and effects in developing nations: an update","volume":"6","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6094-7","article-title":"Myelin basic protein: a multifunctional protein","volume":"63","author":"Boggs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7431.1","article-title":"Metals and neurodegeneration","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TX00260B","article-title":"The systemic toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in rats","volume":"7","author":"Fiati Kenston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8020033","article-title":"New insights into the role of neuron-specific enolase in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuroprotection","volume":"8","author":"Haque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-7215-0_9","article-title":"Neuron-specific enolase as a biomarker: biochemical and clinical aspects","volume":"867","author":"Isgr\u00f2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib12","first-page":"60","article-title":"Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals","volume":"7","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"InterdiscipToxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03903-2","article-title":"Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects","volume":"99","author":"Jomova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111257","article-title":"A systems toxicology approach to compare the heavy metal mixtures (Pb, As, MeHg) impact in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"139","author":"Karri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib15","first-page":"203","article-title":"Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As and MeHg) as risk factors for cognitive dysfunction: a general review of metal mixture mechanism in brain","volume":"48","author":"Karri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. ToxicolPharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib16","article-title":"Association between urinary mixture metal levels and olfactory function in coal miners","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03120-1","article-title":"Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker of disease progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.10.013","article-title":"S100\u03b2 in heavy metal-related child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in an informal e-waste recycling area","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184554","article-title":"Myelin disturbances produced by sub-toxic concentration of heavy metals: the role of oligodendrocyte dysfunction","volume":"20","author":"Maiuolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00456-7","article-title":"Manganese toxicity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA fragmentation in rat primary striatal neurons","volume":"55","author":"Malecki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-023-00402-x","article-title":"A state-of-the-science review on metal biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Morata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14574","article-title":"The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury","volume":"148","author":"Michetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.08.004","article-title":"Prenatal lead acetate exposure induces apoptosis and changes GFAP expression during spinal cord development","volume":"75","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib24","first-page":"449","article-title":"Serum S100B, NSE, and GRIA1 levels as neurological biomarkers in lead exposure","volume":"48","author":"O\u011fuz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24418","article-title":"Assessment of neurotoxic mechanisms of individual and binary mixtures of cobalt, nickel and lead in hippocampal neuronal cells","volume":"40","author":"Olasehinde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6602","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076602","article-title":"S100B, actor and biomarker of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Oris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00156","article-title":"Increased cerebrospinal fluid S100B and NSE reflect neuronal and glial damage in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Papu\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22769","article-title":"Microtubule-associated protein 2, an early blood marker of ischemic brain injury","volume":"90","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123732","article-title":"The effects of heavy metal exposure on brain and gut microbiota: a systematic review of animal studies","volume":"348","author":"Porru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15171\/ijoem.2015.436","article-title":"Serum neuron-specific enolase, biogenic amino-acids and neurobehavioral function in lead-exposed workers from lead-acid battery manufacturing process","volume":"6","author":"Ravibabu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J. Occup. Environ. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2024.102340","article-title":"GFAP-isoforms in the nervous system: understanding the need for diversity","volume":"87","author":"de Reus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161812","article-title":"Associations between multiple heavy metals exposure and neural damage biomarkers in welders: a cross-sectional study","volume":"869","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["NeuroToxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161813X26000902?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161813X26000902?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T05:45:11Z","timestamp":1793598311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161813X26000902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0161813X26000902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-813X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-813X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toxic metal exposure and biomarkers of neurotoxic effects: A study in metal recycling workers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroToxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2026.103469","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103469"}}