{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T19:30:26Z","timestamp":1792870226879,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T17:32:27Z","timestamp":1692466347000},"page":"120331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multi-objective optimization via evolutionary algorithm (MOVEA) for high-definition transcranial electrical stimulation of the human brain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"Mo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kexin","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-7656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-010-0154-x","article-title":"Sensitivity of MEG and EEG to source orientation","volume":"23","author":"Ahlfors","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b2","series-title":"A Computational Study on the Optimization of Transcranial Temporal Interfering Stimulation with High-Definition Electrodes Using Unsupervised Neural Networks","author":"Bahn","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116451","article-title":"Parietal tACS at beta frequency improves vision in a crowding regime","volume":"208","author":"Battaglini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.001","article-title":"Reduced current spread by concentric electrodes in transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)","volume":"9","author":"Bortoletto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.2994232","article-title":"Multi-objective computation sharing in energy and delay constrained mobile edge computing environments","volume":"20","author":"Bozorgchenani","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/036022","article-title":"A simple method for EEG guided transcranial electrical stimulation without models","volume":"13","author":"Cancelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2919912","article-title":"Stimulus: Noninvasive dynamic patterns of neurostimulation using spatio-temporal interference","volume":"67","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.04.007","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation motor threshold can estimate individualized TDCS dosage from reverse-calculation electric-field modeling","volume":"13","author":"Caulfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b9","article-title":"Optimizing transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) electrode position, size, and distance doubles the on-target cortical electric field: Evidence from 3000 human connectome project models","author":"Caulfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b10","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. CEC\u201902 (Cat. No. 02TH8600), Vol. 2","first-page":"1051","article-title":"MOPSO: A proposal for multiple objective particle swarm optimization","author":"Coello","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.04.006","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization for energy-efficient flexible job shop scheduling problem with transportation constraints","volume":"59","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robotics Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b13","series-title":"Wiley-Interscience Series in Systems and Optimization","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms","author":"Deb","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b14","series-title":"International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature","first-page":"849","article-title":"A fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization: NSGA-II","author":"Deb","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b15","series-title":"Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization: First International Conference, EMO 2001 Zurich, Switzerland, March 7\u20139, 2001 Proceedings 1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Controlled elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms for better convergence","author":"Deb","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/4\/046011","article-title":"Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target","volume":"8","author":"Dmochowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00087","article-title":"Transcranial electrical neuromodulation based on the reciprocity principle","volume":"7","author":"Fernandez-Corazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116403","article-title":"Unification of optimal targeting methods in transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"209","author":"Fernandez-Corazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0978-11.2011","article-title":"Frequency-dependent tuning of the human motor system induced by transcranial oscillatory potentials","volume":"31","author":"Feurra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b20","article-title":"College, R","volume":"3","author":"Griffiths","year":"1999","journal-title":"Introd. Electrodyn."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.024","article-title":"Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via temporally interfering electric fields","volume":"169","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/036020","article-title":"Optimization of focality and direction in dense electrode array transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS)","volume":"13","author":"Guler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3390\/info10120390","article-title":"Choosing mutation and crossover ratios for genetic algorithms\u2014A review with a new dynamic approach","volume":"10","author":"Hassanat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b24","series-title":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society","first-page":"4180","article-title":"Comparison of optimized interferential stimulation using two pairs of electrodes and two arrays of electrodes","author":"Huang","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab208d","article-title":"Realistic volumetric-approach to simulate transcranial electric stimulation\u2014ROAST\u2014A fully automated open-source pipeline","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab92b3","article-title":"Optimization of interferential stimulation of the human brain with electrode arrays","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.09.010","article-title":"Can transcranial electric stimulation with multiple electrodes reach deep targets?","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b28","series-title":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","first-page":"3545","article-title":"Optimized TDCS for targeting multiple brain regions: an integrated implementation","author":"Huang","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01547-2","article-title":"Resonance, oscillation and the intrinsic frequency preferences of neurons","volume":"23","author":"Hutcheon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00668","article-title":"Comparison of three non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation methods for increasing cortical excitability","volume":"10","author":"Inukai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.002","article-title":"Inter-subject variability in electric fields of motor cortical TDCS","volume":"8","author":"Laakso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b32","series-title":"2017 XXXIInd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science","first-page":"1","article-title":"Variability in TDCS electric fields: Effects of electrode size and configuration","author":"Laakso","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b33","unstructured":"Lacadie, C., Fulbright, R.K., Arora, J., Constable, R., Papademetris, X., 2008. Brodmann Areas defined in MNI space using a new Tracing Tool in BioImage Suite. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Vol. 771."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Individually customized transcranial temporal interference stimulation for focused modulation of deep brain structures: a simulation study with different head models","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu336","article-title":"Neural substrates underlying stimulation-enhanced motor skill learning after stroke","volume":"138","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.044","article-title":"Feedback-controlled transcranial alternating current stimulation reveals a functional role of sleep spindles in motor memory consolidation","volume":"26","author":"Lustenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww002","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the motor cortex enhances treatment outcome in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"139 Pt 4","author":"Meinzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain : J. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.06.021","article-title":"After-effects of 10 Hz tACS over the prefrontal cortex on phonological word decisions","volume":"12","author":"Moliadze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b39","series-title":"IJCAI Proceedings-International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 22","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Robust principal component analysis with non-greedy l1-norm maximization","author":"Nie","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.001","article-title":"Automatic skull segmentation from MR images for realistic volume conductor models of the head: Assessment of the state-of-the-art","volume":"174","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25272","article-title":"A comprehensive study on electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography sensitivity to cortical and subcortical sources","volume":"42","author":"Piastra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116124","article-title":"Prospects for transcranial temporal interference stimulation in humans: A computational study","volume":"202","author":"Rampersad","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.002","article-title":"Optimization of multifocal transcranial current stimulation for weighted cortical pattern targeting from realistic modeling of electric fields","volume":"89","author":"Ruffini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac676f","article-title":"Optimizing the montage for cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): A combined computational and experimental study","volume":"19","author":"Sadeghihassanabadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00090","article-title":"Target optimization in transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"3","author":"Sadleir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.067","article-title":"On the importance of electrode parameters for shaping electric field patterns generated by TDCS","volume":"120","author":"Saturnino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab41ba","article-title":"Electric field simulations for transcranial brain stimulation using FEM: An efficient implementation and error analysis","volume":"16","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abca15","article-title":"Optimizing the electric field strength in multiple targets for multichannel transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Saturnino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21293-3_1","article-title":"SimNIBS 2.1: A comprehensive pipeline for individualized electric field modelling for transcranial brain stimulation","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Hum. Body Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116183","article-title":"Accessibility of cortical regions to focal TES: Dependence on spatial position, safety, and practical constraints","volume":"203","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b52","article-title":"Non-invasive stimulation with temporal interference: Optimization of the electric field deep in the brain with the use of a genetic algorithm","author":"Stoupis","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.041","article-title":"The WU-Minn human connectome project: An overview","volume":"80","author":"Van Essen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827925","article-title":"Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"51","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.011","article-title":"Effects of theta transcranial alternating current stimulation over the frontal cortex on reversal learning","volume":"9","author":"Wischnewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2008.2009032","article-title":"Constraint handling in multiobjective evolutionary optimization","volume":"13","author":"Woldesenbet","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331_b58","series-title":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society","first-page":"4337","article-title":"An optimization approach for transcranial direct current stimulation using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II","author":"Zhu","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["NeuroImage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811923004822?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811923004822?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T01:59:28Z","timestamp":1742954368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053811923004822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S1053811923004822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multi-objective optimization via evolutionary algorithm (MOVEA) for high-definition transcranial electrical stimulation of the human brain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120331"}}