{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:05:16Z","timestamp":1790751916397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010410","name":"Education University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRAC 04A51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRAC 04A51"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010410","name":"Education University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:43:53Z","timestamp":1781279033000},"page":"122053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dual neural foundations of coding cognition: Language comprehension scaffolds initial learning before mathematical systems engage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"338","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4245-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weipeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9905-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chee Kit","family":"Looi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603205113","article-title":"Origins of the brain networks for advanced mathematics in expert mathematicians","volume":"113","author":"Amalric","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.001","article-title":"A distinct cortical network for mathematical knowledge in the human brain","volume":"189","author":"Amalric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.08.002","article-title":"Brain areas associated with numbers and calculations in children: meta-analyses of fMRI studies","volume":"30","author":"Arsalidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.009","article-title":"Is 2+2=4? Meta-analyses of brain areas needed for numbers and calculations","volume":"54","author":"Arsalidou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.04.001","article-title":"Children with mathematical learning disability fail in recruiting verbal and numerical brain regions when solving simple multiplication problems","volume":"57","author":"Berteletti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000151397","article-title":"Decreased parietal cortex activity during mental rotation in children with congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"89","author":"Blasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.008","article-title":"A rostro-caudal axis for language in the frontal lobe: the role of executive control in speech production","volume":"47","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq108","article-title":"Neuroanatomical prerequisites for language functions in the maturing brain","volume":"21","author":"Brauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.101011","article-title":"The neural basis of number word processing in children and adults","volume":"51","author":"Bugden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.12.003","article-title":"The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in text comprehension inferences: semantic coherence or socio-emotional perspective?","volume":"129","author":"Burin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0011","series-title":"Paper presented at the 2015 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Program Comprehension","article-title":"Eye movements in code reading: relaxing the linear order","author":"Busjahn","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5596145","article-title":"Reading and calculation neural systems and their weighted adaptive use for programming skills","volume":"2021","author":"Castelhano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69630-x","article-title":"Cortical cognitive processing during reading captured using functional-near infrared spectroscopy [Journal Article]","volume":"14","author":"Ceko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1005-21.2022","article-title":"Foundational number sense training gains are predicted by hippocampal\u2013Parietal circuits","volume":"42","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23979","article-title":"At the core of reasoning: dissociating deductive and non-deductive load","volume":"39","author":"Coetzee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.037","article-title":"Effects of problem size and arithmetic operation on brain activation during calculation in children with varying levels of arithmetical fluency","volume":"57","author":"De Smedt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2024.2447117","article-title":"Eye-movement indices of reading while debugging python source code","volume":"37","author":"Dempsey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.004","article-title":"The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0019","series-title":"Paper presented at the 2016 IEEE 27th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)","article-title":"WAP: understanding the brain at software debugging","author":"Duraes","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2011.11.003","article-title":"Early math achievement and functional connectivity in the fronto-parietal network","volume":"2","author":"Emerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0021","series-title":"Paper presented at the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering","article-title":"Relating reading, visualization, and coding for new programmers: a neuroimaging study","author":"Endres","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.04.010","article-title":"The Language of Programming: a cognitive perspective","volume":"23","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.006","article-title":"Reworking the language network","volume":"18","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13067","article-title":"Development of bilateral parietal activation for complex visual-spatial function: evidence from a visual-spatial construction task","volume":"24","author":"Ferrara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13067","article-title":"Development of bilateral parietal activation for complex visual-spatial function: evidence from a visual-spatial construction task","volume":"24","author":"Ferrara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1247","article-title":"What does the frontomedian cortex contribute to language processing: coherence or theory of mind?","volume":"17","author":"Ferstl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0027","series-title":"Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE\/ACM 39th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","article-title":"Decoding the representation of code in the brain: an fMRI study of code review and expertise","author":"Floyd","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-018-1008-5","article-title":"Spatial transformation abilities and their relation to later mathematics performance","volume":"83","author":"Frick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0184-4","article-title":"Language, mind and brain","volume":"1","author":"Friederici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.007","article-title":"Neural underpinnings of numerical and spatial cognition: an fMRI meta-analysis of brain regions associated with symbolic number, arithmetic, and mental rotation","volume":"103","author":"Hawes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105187","article-title":"Imaging the spin: disentangling the core processes underlying mental rotation by network mapping of data from meta-analysis","volume":"150","author":"Hiew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac425","article-title":"Structural neuroplasticity in computer programming beginners","volume":"33","author":"Hongo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO0405","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0405-20.2020","article-title":"Expert programmers have fine-tuned cortical representations of source code","volume":"8","author":"Ikutani","year":"2021","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101419","article-title":"Add, subtract and multiply: meta-analyses of brain correlates of arithmetic operations in children and adults","volume":"69","author":"Istomina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"e58906","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0035","article-title":"Comprehension of computer code relies primarily on domain-general executive brain regions","volume":"9","author":"Ivanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01977-y","article-title":"Recursion in programs, thought, and language","volume":"29","author":"Johnson-Laird","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0037","series-title":"Paper presented at the ICSE '20: Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering, New York, NY, USA","article-title":"Neurological divide: an fMRI study of prose and code writing","author":"Krueger","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116235","article-title":"Early cortical surface plasticity relates to basic mathematical learning","volume":"204","author":"Kuhl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56090-6","article-title":"Computer programmers show distinct, expertise-dependent brain responses to violations in form and meaning when reading code","volume":"14","author":"Kuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst091","article-title":"Cognitive empathy modulates the processing of pragmatic constraints during sentence comprehension","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0041","series-title":"From Natural Language to Programming Language Innovative Methods, User-Friendly Tools, Coding, and Design Approaches in People-Oriented Programming (110-130)","author":"Liu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59340","article-title":"Computer code comprehension shares neural resources with formal logical inference in the fronto-parietal network","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2024.105392","article-title":"Contribution of the language network to the comprehension of Python programming code","volume":"251","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2025.102838","article-title":"How is spatial reasoning associated with mathematical ability? Evidence based on a meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Learn Individ. Differ."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab476","article-title":"Predicting children\u2019s math skills from task-based and resting-state functional brain connectivity","volume":"32","author":"Lynn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23640","article-title":"How do individual differences in children's domain specific and domain general abilities relate to brain activity within the intraparietal sulcus during arithmetic? An fMRI study","volume":"38","author":"Matejko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2019.100653","article-title":"The neural association between arithmetic and basic numerical processing depends on arithmetic problem size and not chronological age","volume":"37","author":"Matejko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902422106","article-title":"The boundaries of language and thought in deductive inference [Clinical Trial; Journal Article]","volume":"106","author":"Monti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.02.017","article-title":"Gender differences in pre-adolescents\u2019 mental-rotation performance: do they depend on grade and stimulus type?","volume":"50","author":"Neuburger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0050","series-title":"Paper presented at the Advances in Human Factors in Cybersecurity, Switzerland","article-title":"Computer programming as a second language","author":"Pand\u017ea","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2018.2863303","article-title":"A look into programmers' Heads","volume":"46","author":"Peitek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ieee Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21184","article-title":"Beyond hemispheric dominance: brain regions underlying the joint lateralization of language and arithmetic to the left hemisphere [Journal Article]","volume":"22","author":"Pinel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/3152433","article-title":"The introductory computer programming course is first and foremost a language course","volume":"9","author":"Portnoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Inroads"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.05.002","article-title":"The dorsal Frontoparietal network: a core system for emulated action","volume":"21","author":"Ptak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000314","article-title":"The cognitive benefits of learning computer programming: a meta-analysis of transfer effects","volume":"111","author":"Scherer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3434643","article-title":"Toward an objective measure of developers\u2019 Cognitive activities","volume":"30","author":"Sharafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acm Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0057","series-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering, New York, NY, USA","article-title":"Understanding understanding source code with functional magnetic resonance imaging","author":"Siegmund","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0058","series-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering","article-title":"Measuring neural efficiency of program comprehension","author":"Siegmund","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.6.2.174","article-title":"A standardized set of 260 pictures: norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity [Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]","volume":"6","author":"Snodgrass","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0060","series-title":"Paper presented at the NIPS'22: Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Red Hook, NY, USA","article-title":"Convergent representations of computer programs in Human and artificial Neural networks","author":"Srikant","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100856","article-title":"The relationship between brain structure and proficiency in reading and mathematics in children, adolescents, and emerging adults","volume":"45","author":"Torre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9611-4","article-title":"Coding skills as a success factor for a society","volume":"23","author":"Tuomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0063","article-title":"The relationships between computational and mathematical thinking: a review study on tasks","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogent Educat."},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.023","article-title":"The growth of language: universal grammar, experience, and principles of computation","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23585","article-title":"The functional architectures of addition and subtraction: network discovery using fMRI and DCM","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20013","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of mental rotation: a meta-analysis and review [Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review]","volume":"20","author":"Zacks","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120807","article-title":"Sex differences in large-scale brain network connectivity for mental rotation performance","volume":"298","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25781","article-title":"The role of left angular gyrus in the representation of linguistic composition relations","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"}],"container-title":["NeuroImage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S105381192600368X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S105381192600368X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:50:54Z","timestamp":1790751054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S105381192600368X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["S105381192600368X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dual neural foundations of coding cognition: Language comprehension scaffolds initial learning before mathematical systems engage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122053","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122053"}}