{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:39:20Z","timestamp":1792726760433,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004593","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA5\/RSUE\/2022-00133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA5\/RSUE\/2022-00133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-127340NB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127340NB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023 FI-3 00107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023 FI-3 00107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T15:46:24Z","timestamp":1789746384000},"page":"122247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sex-based measurement invariance in Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: An exploratory structural equation model based on biological variables"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"341","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8309-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Lacomba-Arnau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-4880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1573-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pic\u00f3-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2456-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Barr\u00f3s-Loscertales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz011","article-title":"Linking personality and brain anatomy: a structural MRI approach to reinforcement sensitivity theory","volume":"14","author":"Adri\u00e1n-Ventura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry\u2014the methods","volume":"11","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007","article-title":"A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm","volume":"38","author":"Ashburner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05084.x","article-title":"Striatum gray matter reduction in males with an overactive behavioral activation system","volume":"24","author":"Barr\u00f3s-Loscertales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.07.025","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition system activity is associated with increased amygdala and hippocampal gray matter volume: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"33","author":"Barr\u00f3s-Loscertales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","article-title":"Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures","volume":"88","author":"Bentler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib8","volume":"154","author":"Bollen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib9","series-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research, 2nd ed","author":"Brown","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005","article-title":"Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(77)90067-7","article-title":"Measuring handedness with questionnaires","volume":"15","author":"Bryden","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-4-30","article-title":"Does erotic stimulus presentation design affect brain activation patterns? Event-related vs. blocked fMRI designs","volume":"4","author":"B\u00fchler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327574IJT0101_4","article-title":"Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative Approaches to Testing for the Factorial Validity of a Measuring Instrument","volume":"1","author":"Byrne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Test."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00084-3","article-title":"The measurement of individual differences in behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation systems: a comparison of personality scales","volume":"34","author":"Caseras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.001","article-title":"A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour","volume":"37","author":"Catani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indices to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model.: Multidiscip. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Testing factorial invariance across groups: a reconceptualization and proposed new method","volume":"25","author":"Cheung","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.12.022","article-title":"Neuroimaging of individual differences: a latent variable modeling perspective","volume":"98","author":"Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000273","article-title":"The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ): development and validation","volume":"28","author":"Corr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.013","article-title":"Neuroscience and approach\/avoidance personality traits: a two stage (valuation\u2013motivation) approach","volume":"36","author":"Corr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.01.005","article-title":"Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality","volume":"28","author":"Corr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib21","series-title":"The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST): introduction","author":"Corr","year":"2008"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.03.001","article-title":"Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry","volume":"62","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66940","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066940","article-title":"Reward Sensitivity Is Associated with Brain Activity during Erotic Stimulus Processing","volume":"8","author":"Costumero","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-020-00856-8","article-title":"The manifestation of individual differences in sensitivity to punishment during resting state is modulated by eye state","volume":"21","author":"Costumero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1504","article-title":"Minireview: sex differences in adult and developing brains: compensation, compensation, compensation","volume":"145","author":"De Vries","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119485","article-title":"Proportional intracranial volume correction differentially biases behavioral predictions across neuroanatomical features, sexes, and development","volume":"260","author":"Dhamala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-021-00618-3","article-title":"Sex differences in neural responses to reward and the influences of individual reward and punishment sensitivity","volume":"22","author":"Dhingra","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.06.004","article-title":"Neurobiology of Decision Making: A Selective Review from a Neurocognitive and Clinical Perspective","volume":"58","author":"Ernst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/00273170701382864","article-title":"Sensitivity of fit indices to model misspecification and model types","volume":"42","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib32","series-title":"Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, 4th ed","author":"Field","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116122","article-title":"Sex-biased trajectories of amygdalo-hippocampal morphology change over human development","volume":"204","author":"Fish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib34","first-page":"637","article-title":"Methods for normalization of hippocampal volumes measured with MR","volume":"16","author":"Free","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaser, C., Dahnke, R., Thompson, P.M., Kurth, F., Luders, E., the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, 2024. CAT: a computational anatomy toolbox for the analysis of structural MRI data. GigaScience 13, giae049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giae049.","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giae049"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700765114","article-title":"Heritability analysis with repeat measurements and its application to resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"114","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.117945","article-title":"Sex effects on cortical morphological networks in healthy young adults","volume":"233","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(70)90069-0","article-title":"The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion","volume":"8","author":"Gray","year":"1970","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib39","series-title":"The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System","author":"Gray","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib40","series-title":"The Psychology of Fear and Stress","author":"Gray","year":"1987"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000450","article-title":"Why psychological assessment needs to start worrying about model fit","volume":"33","author":"Greiff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000487","article-title":"Still comparing apples with oranges? Some thoughts on the principles and practices of measurement invariance testing","volume":"34","author":"Greiff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-10-04065.1999","article-title":"Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults: correlations with cognitive performance","volume":"19","author":"Gur","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.9.998","article-title":"Sex differences in temporo-limbic and frontal brain volumes of healthy adults","volume":"12","author":"Gur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib1000","unstructured":"Gray, J.A., McNaughton, N., 2000. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2012.634710","article-title":"Sensitivity of SEM fit indexes with respect to violations of uncorrelated errors","volume":"19","author":"Heene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model.: Multidiscip. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.07.013","article-title":"An evaluation of the relationship between Gray\u2019s revised RST and Eysenck\u2019s PEN: distinguishing BIS and FFFS in Carver and White\u2019s BIS\/BAS scales","volume":"45","author":"Heym","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28974","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of intracranial volume correction approaches on the quantification of intracranial structures in MRI: a systematic analysis","volume":"59","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib48","first-page":"130","article-title":"Re-conceptualizing \u201csex\u201d and \u201cgender\u201d in the human brain","volume":"220","author":"Kaiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Z. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164415603764","article-title":"The role of measurement quality on practical guidelines for assessing measurement and structural invariance","volume":"76","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.012","article-title":"Neural correlates of personality: an integrative review","volume":"37","author":"Kennis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1212-2","article-title":"Sex differences in impulsivity and brain morphometry in methamphetamine users","volume":"222","author":"Kogachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib52","article-title":"Neural topologies of reinforcement sensitivity theory: a latent variable approach to magnetic resonance imaging data","volume":"5","author":"Lacomba-Arnau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Glob. Open Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009621","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia","volume":"2","author":"Lanciego","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810032003","article-title":"A comparison of approaches to forming composite measures in structural equation models","volume":"3","author":"Landis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn052","article-title":"Size matters: cerebral volume influences sex differences in neuroanatomy","volume":"18","author":"Leonard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.08.041","article-title":"Gender-specific neuroanatomical basis of behavioral inhibition\/approach systems (BIS\/BAS) in a large sample of young adults: a voxel-based morphometric investigation","volume":"274","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib57","series-title":"Modeling Contextual Effects in Longitudinal Studies","first-page":"121","article-title":"Representing contextual effects in multiple-group MACS models","author":"Little","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00356","article-title":"The power-proportion method for intracranial volume correction in volumetric imaging analysis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.391","article-title":"Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size","volume":"103","author":"Marsh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.03.005","article-title":"A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear\/anxiety and defensive distance","volume":"28","author":"McNaughton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNaughton, N., Corr, P.J., 2008. The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: a foundation for reinforcement sensitivity theory. In: Corr, P.J. (Ed.), The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 44-94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511819384.003.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511819384.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00344-X","article-title":"Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety","volume":"61","author":"McNaughton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.93.3.568","article-title":"Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance","volume":"93","author":"Meade","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000245438.73837.89","article-title":"An essay on measurement and factorial invariance","volume":"44","author":"Meredith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294825","article-title":"Measurement invariance, factor analysis, and factorial invariance","volume":"58","author":"Meredith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib66","unstructured":"Millsap, R.E., Meredith, W., 2004, May. Factorial invariance: historical trends and new developments. In: \u201cFactor Analysis at 100\u201d Conference."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3903_4","article-title":"Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures","volume":"39","author":"Millsap","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib68","series-title":"Mplus (Version 8.9) [Computer Software]","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib69","unstructured":"Neuromorphometrics, Inc. (n.d.). Building a Model of the Living Human Brain. Retrieved February 2, 2024, from http:\/\/www.neuromorphometrics.com."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.068","article-title":"Intracranial volume estimated with commonly used methods could introduce bias in studies including brain volume measurements","volume":"83","author":"Nordenskj\u00f6ld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119636","article-title":"Comparison of individualized behavioral predictions across anatomical, diffusion and functional connectivity MRI","volume":"263","author":"Ooi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib74","first-page":"239","article-title":"JA Gray\u2019s reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality","volume":"2","author":"Pickering","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib73","series-title":"Advances in Individual Differences Research","first-page":"113","article-title":"Dopamine, appetitive reinforcement, and the neuropsychology of human learning: an individual differences approach","author":"Pickering","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib76","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 4.2.1) [Computer software]","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200011)11:3<162::AID-HBM30>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Brain processing of visual sexual stimuli in human males","volume":"11","author":"Redout\u00e9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000072","article-title":"Population performance of SEM parceling strategies under measurement and structural model misspecification","volume":"21","author":"Rhemtulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00650","article-title":"Recommendations for sex\/gender neuroimaging research: key principles and implications for research design, analysis, and interpretation","volume":"8","author":"Rippon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy109","article-title":"Sex differences in the adult human brain: evidence from 5216 UK Biobank participants","volume":"28","author":"Ritchie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12382","article-title":"Why we should consider sex (and study sex differences) in addiction research","volume":"21","author":"Sanchis-Segura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0245-7","article-title":"Sex differences in gray matter volume: how many and how large are they really?","volume":"10","author":"Sanchis-Segura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib84","article-title":"Effects of different intracranial volume correction methods on univariate sex differences in grey matter volume and multivariate sex prediction","volume":"10","author":"Sanchis-Segura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119343","article-title":"Beyond \u201csex prediction\u201d: estimating and interpreting multivariate sex differences and similarities in the brain","volume":"257","author":"Sanchis-Segura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.882658","article-title":"Evaluating model fit with ordered categorical data within a measurement invariance framework: a comparison of estimators","volume":"21","author":"Sass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model.: Multidiscip. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000537","article-title":"We need to change how we compute RMSEA for nested model comparisons in structural equation modeling","volume":"29","author":"Savalei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.7.989","article-title":"A longitudinal study of brain volume changes in normal aging using serial registered magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"60","author":"Scahill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2016.06.006","article-title":"Update to core reporting practices in structural equation modeling","volume":"13","author":"Schreiber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.039","article-title":"Morphometric similarity networks detect microscale cortical organization and predict inter-individual cognitive variation","volume":"97","author":"Seidlitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/pne0000284","article-title":"The neural correlates of reinforcement sensitivity theory: a systematic review of the (f)MRI literature","volume":"15","author":"Standen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib92","series-title":"Paper Presented at the Psychometric Society Annual Meeting, Iowa City, IA","article-title":"Statistically Based Tests for the Number of Common Factors","author":"Steiger","year":"1980"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2502_4","article-title":"Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach","volume":"25","author":"Steiger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.03.006","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging studies of sexual arousal and orgasm in healthy men and women: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Stol\u00e9ru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018733420467","article-title":"Neuroanatomical Correlates of Visually Evoked Sexual Arousal in Human Males","volume":"28","author":"Stol\u00e9ru","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS313","article-title":"Matching methods for causal inference: a review and a look forward","volume":"25","author":"Stuart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170","article-title":"A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis","volume":"38","author":"Tucker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.08.010","article-title":"Reinforcement sensitivity theory and emotion regulation difficulties: a multimodal investigation","volume":"49","author":"Tull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00162","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis with structured residuals for brain network data","volume":"5","author":"Van Kesteren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsp028","article-title":"Variation in orbitofrontal cortex volume: relation to sex, emotion regulation and affect","volume":"4","author":"Welborn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib100","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Normalization of cerebral volumes by use of intracranial volume: implications for longitudinal quantitative MR imaging","volume":"22","author":"Whitwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib101","series-title":"The Science of Prevention: Methodological Advances from Alcohol and Substance Abuse Research","first-page":"281","article-title":"Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: applications in the substance use domain","author":"Widaman","year":"1997"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164413495237","article-title":"Sample size requirements for structural equation models: an evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety","volume":"73","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."}],"container-title":["NeuroImage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811926005628?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1053811926005628?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:13:39Z","timestamp":1792725219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1053811926005628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["S1053811926005628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-8119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-8119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sex-based measurement invariance in Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: An exploratory structural equation model based on biological variables","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2026.122247","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122247"}}