{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:17:13Z","timestamp":1785338233665,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T02:42:40Z","timestamp":1672886560000},"page":"490-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diaphragm Pacing: A Safety, Appropriateness, Financial Neutrality, and Efficacy Analysis of Treating Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curren E.","family":"Giberson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel H.","family":"Cheshier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence R.","family":"Poree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Saulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.11.004","article-title":"Brainstem respiratory networks: building blocks and microcircuits","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib2","first-page":"281","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve","volume":"8","author":"Fell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest Surg Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140120031007","article-title":"Radio-frequency electrophrenic respiration. Long-term application to a patient with primary hypoventilation","volume":"203","author":"Judson","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib4","first-page":"853","article-title":"Respiratory dysfunction and management in spinal cord injury","volume":"51","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib5","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC). Annual report\u2013complete public version. 2019. Accessed May 8, 2021. https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\/public\/2019%20Annual%20Report%20-%20Complete%20Public%20Version.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199205213262113","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of bilateral pacing of the diaphragm in quadriplegia","volume":"326","author":"Elefteriades","year":"1992","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib7","first-page":"567","article-title":"The phrenic nerve stimulator, a valid ventilatory support in the management of quadriplegic patients receiving home health care services. A case report. Article in Italian","volume":"68","author":"Giglio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.2.671","article-title":"Phrenic nerve pacing via intramuscular diaphragm electrodes in tetraplegic subjects","volume":"127","author":"DiMarco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753863","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle pacing in spinal cord injury: case report and clinical commentary","volume":"29","author":"DiMarco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200203-175CR","article-title":"Phrenic nerve pacing in a tetraplegic patient via intramuscular diaphragm electrodes","volume":"166","author":"DiMarco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14221","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing in spinal cord injury can significantly decrease mechanical ventilation in multicenter prospective evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Onders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000112","article-title":"Multicenter Review of Diaphragm Pacing in Spinal Cord Injury: successful not only in weaning from ventilators but also in bridging to independent respiration","volume":"76","author":"Posluszny","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.11.901","article-title":"Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. A report of successful experience with bilateral diaphragmatic pacing","volume":"55","author":"Coleman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1312","article-title":"Phrenic nerve stimulation to treat patients with central sleep apnoea and heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Costanzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1159\/000381401","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing without tracheostomy in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome patients","volume":"89","author":"Diep","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(05)80005-4","article-title":"Diaphragmatic pacing in children with congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Flageole","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.002","article-title":"Thoracoscopic placement of phrenic nerve pacers for diaphragm pacing in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Nicholson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.43.12.1017","article-title":"Conditioning of the diaphragm by phrenic nerve pacing in primary alveolar hypoventilation","volume":"43","author":"Wilcox","year":"1988","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.02.022","article-title":"Sustained 12 month benefit of phrenic nerve stimulation for central sleep apnea","volume":"121","author":"Costanzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1007\/s001010050226","article-title":"Implantation of a phrenic stimulator in central respiratory paralysis. Article in German","volume":"44","author":"Fritz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150122","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing as a rehabilitative tool for patients with Pompe disease who are ventilator-dependent: case series","volume":"96","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1954.03690240007003","article-title":"Phrenic stimulation in the treatment of acute bulbar poliomyelitis","volume":"155","author":"Macaulay","year":"1954","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-019-0207-7","article-title":"Early use of an implantable diaphragm pacing stimulator for a child with severe acute flaccid myelitis-a case report","volume":"5","author":"Edmiston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.07.001","article-title":"Respiratory neuromodulation in patients with neurological pathologies: for whom and how?","volume":"58","author":"Gonzalez-Bermejo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta20840","article-title":"DiPALS: diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\u2013a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"McDermott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7973","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2019.7973","article-title":"Pediatric diaphragmatic pacing","volume":"11","author":"Hazwani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-018-0200-2","article-title":"Diaphragm pacers in pediatric patients with cervical spinal cord injury: a review and implications for inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"6","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.4.974","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing in infants and children. A life-table analysis of implanted components","volume":"139","author":"Weese-Mayer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)61318-5","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing in infants and children: report of a simplified technique and review of experience","volume":"31","author":"Ilbawi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S376","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.03.97","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing: the state of the art","volume":"8","author":"Le Pimpec-Barthes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.010","article-title":"Evaluation of phrenic nerve and diaphragm function with peripheral nerve stimulation and M-mode ultrasonography in potential pediatric phrenic nerve or diaphragm pacing candidates","volume":"26","author":"Skalsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib32","unstructured":"Avery Biomedical Devices. System information. 2022. Accessed March 10, 2022. http:\/\/www.averybiomedical.com\/diaphragm-pacing-systems\/system-information\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib33","unstructured":"Synapse Biomedical Inc. About NeuRx DPS. 2022; Accessed March 10, 2022. https:\/\/www.synapsebiomedical.com\/about-neurx-dps\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib34","unstructured":"Lungpacer Medical Inc. Emergency use authorization. 2020. Accessed March 10, 2022. http:\/\/lungpacer.com\/emergency-use-authorization\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib35","unstructured":"Zoll Medical Corporation. Remede System. 2022. Accessed March 10, 2022. https:\/\/remede.zoll.com\/remede-system\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.06.030","article-title":"Mapping the phrenic nerve motor point: the key to a successful laparoscopic diaphragm pacing system in the first human series","volume":"136","author":"Onders","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing using the minimally invasive cervical approach","author":"Headley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib39","series-title":"Neuroprosthetics: Theory and Practice","author":"Horch","year":"2004"},{"issue":"10 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S347","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b6e760","article-title":"Prolonged mechanical ventilation alters diaphragmatic structure and function","volume":"37","author":"Powers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198405033101804","article-title":"Ventilatory support by pacing of the conditioned diaphragm in quadriplegia","volume":"310","author":"Glenn","year":"1984","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2018.06.050","article-title":"Long-term experience with diaphragm pacing for traumatic spinal cord injury: early implantation should be considered","volume":"164","author":"Onders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2009.00197.x","article-title":"Implementing the SAFE principles for the\u00a0development of pain medicine therapeutic algorithms that include neuromodulation techniques","volume":"12","author":"Krames","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00550.x","article-title":"Rethinking algorithms of pain care: the use of the S.A.F.E. principles","volume":"10","author":"Krames","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-644ST","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia","volume":"171","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1086\/591062","article-title":"Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals","volume":"29","author":"Coffin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R65","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11312","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia, and ICU mortality in severe ARDS patients ventilated according to a lung-protective strategy","volume":"16","author":"Forel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13775","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU","volume":"18","author":"Kalanuria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/538687","article-title":"Institutional care for long-term mechanical ventilation in Canada: a national survey","volume":"21","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1141-0","article-title":"The course of diaphragm atrophy in ventilated patients assessed with ultrasound: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Schepens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101662","article-title":"Quality of life among people with high spinal cord injury living in the community","volume":"42","author":"Hammell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-017-0212-5","article-title":"Risk factors and prognosis of pain events during mechanical ventilation: a retrospective study","volume":"5","author":"Yamashita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.43","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation, or phrenic nerve stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury-induced respiratory insufficiency","volume":"46","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35725","article-title":"Kinetics of ventilation-induced changes in diaphragmatic metabolism by bilateral phrenic pacing in a piglet model","volume":"6","author":"Breuer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1117CP","article-title":"Monitoring of the respiratory muscles in the critically ill","volume":"187","author":"Doorduin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9806147","article-title":"Prevention of human diaphragm atrophy with short periods of electrical stimulation","volume":"159","author":"Ayas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R127","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9094","article-title":"Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"Hermans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070447","article-title":"Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans","volume":"358","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib59","first-page":"111","article-title":"Phrenic nerve stimulation protects against mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction through myogenic regulatory factors","volume":"41","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib60","first-page":"84","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic studies of phrenic nerves after long-term electrical stimulation. Article in Chinese","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.06.012","article-title":"Phrenic nerve stimulation: the Australian experience","volume":"17","author":"Khong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.04.033","article-title":"Intrathoracic phrenic pacing: a 10-year experience in France","volume":"142","author":"Le Pimpec-Barthes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0223-3","article-title":"Complete worldwide operative experience in laparoscopic diaphragm pacing: results and differences in spinal cord injured patients and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","volume":"23","author":"Onders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.1-42.v1","article-title":"Vocal cord collapse during phrenic nerve-paced respiration in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Domanski","year":"2012","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200911","article-title":"Airway obstruction in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"2014","author":"Reverdin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib66","unstructured":"Avery Biomedical Devices. General cautions. 2020. Accessed May 8, 2021. https:\/\/www.averybiomedical.com\/technical-support\/general-cautions\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934407","article-title":"A\u00a0review on cough augmentation techniques: assisted inspiration, assisted expiration and their combination","volume":"69","author":"Spinou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.74","article-title":"Long-term evaluation of phrenic nerve pacing for respiratory failure due to high cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"50","author":"Romero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00177708","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing restores olfaction in tetraplegia","volume":"34","author":"Adler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/17482960701262392","article-title":"Early use of non-invasive ventilation prolongs survival in subjects with ALS","volume":"8","author":"Lechtzin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.08.039","article-title":"Final analysis of the pilot trial of diaphragm pacing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with long-term follow-up: diaphragm pacing positively affects diaphragm respiration","volume":"207","author":"Onders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.192388","article-title":"Preoperative parameters and their prognostic value in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients undergoing implantation of a diaphragm pacing stimulation system","volume":"20","author":"\u015eanl\u0131","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30233-2","article-title":"Early diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (RespiStimALS): a randomized controlled triple-blind trial","volume":"15","author":"Gonzalez-Bermejo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0601LE","article-title":"No benefit of diaphragm pacing in upper motor neuron-dominant forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"198","author":"Mor\u00e9lot-Panzini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3171-9","article-title":"Temporary transvenous diaphragm pacing vs. standard of care for weaning from mechanical ventilation: study protocol for a randomized trial","volume":"20","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.10.054","article-title":"Completed FDA feasibility trial of surgically placed temporary diaphragm pacing electrodes: a promising option to prevent and treat respiratory failure","volume":"215","author":"Onders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-021-00396-4","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical diaphragmatic stimulation reduces the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with cervical spinal cord injury: retrospective case series","volume":"7","author":"Duarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.03.59","article-title":"Transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation, a novel therapeutic approach for central sleep apnea","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02335-x","article-title":"Transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation improves central sleep apnea, sleep quality, and quality of life regardless of prior positive airway pressure treatment","volume":"25","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S300713","article-title":"Transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation for treatment of central sleep apnea: five-year safety and efficacy outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Costanzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12220","article-title":"Medical cost impact of intrathecal Baclofen therapy for severe spasticity","volume":"18","author":"Saulino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib83","first-page":"E797","article-title":"Long-term cost utility of spinal cord stimulation in patients with failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Farber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"issue":"Suppl 14","key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002194","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness data regarding spinal cord stimulation for low back pain","volume":"42","author":"Hoelscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib85","unstructured":"Avery Biomedical Devices. The cost savings of diaphragm pacing. 2019. Accessed March 10, 2021. http:\/\/www.averybiomedical.com\/cost-savings-diaphragm-pacing\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib86","unstructured":"The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. 2011. Accessed March 8, 2021. https:\/\/www.aast.org\/resources-detail\/mechanical-ventilation-in-intensive-care-unit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181ef4460","article-title":"The epidemiology of mechanical ventilation use in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Wunsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000528","article-title":"Diaphragm pacing decreases hospital charges for patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Kerwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.07.005","article-title":"Incidence and attributable costs of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in a tertiary-level intensive care unit (ICU) in northern India","volume":"8","author":"Mathai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/664049","article-title":"Economic impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large matched cohort","volume":"33","author":"Kollef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib91","first-page":"1360","article-title":"Lung function in diaphragm pacing","volume":"120","author":"Epstein","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00127713","article-title":"Can diaphragm pacing improve gas exchange? Insights from quadriplegic patients","volume":"43","author":"Gonzalez-Bermejo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002023","article-title":"Use of diaphragm pacing in the management of acute cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Kerwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90252-6","article-title":"Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"DeVivo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.06.062","article-title":"Health status, community integration, and economic risk factors for mortality after spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Krause","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3086-2","article-title":"Evaluating the evidence: is phrenic nerve stimulation a safe and effective tool for decreasing ventilator dependence in patients with high cervical spinal cord injuries and central hypoventilation?","volume":"32","author":"Sieg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S109471592201368X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S109471592201368X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T21:08:25Z","timestamp":1696367305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S109471592201368X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S109471592201368X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diaphragm Pacing: A Safety, Appropriateness, Financial Neutrality, and Efficacy Analysis of Treating Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.059","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}