{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T03:47:24Z","timestamp":1778730444665,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T21:22:35Z","timestamp":1711660955000},"page":"881-886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Washout Periods After Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kenneth B.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Amireh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noud","family":"van Helmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tariq A.","family":"Yousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000814","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion stimulation yielded higher treatment success rate for complex regional pain syndrome and causalgia at 3 and 12 months: a randomized comparative trial","volume":"158","author":"Deer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12767","article-title":"Retrospective case series on the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy with dorsal root ganglion stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Eldabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12860","article-title":"Early US experience with stimulation of the dorsal root ganglia for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy in the lower extremities: a multicenter retrospective case series","volume":"22","author":"Falowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13074","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of dorsal root ganglion stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain: a pooled analysis","volume":"23","author":"Huygen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E377","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.4.E377","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS) for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: a single-center study with long-term prospective results in 62 cases","volume":"21","author":"Morgalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13047","article-title":"T12 dorsal root ganglion stimulation to treat chronic low back pain: a case series","volume":"23","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12591","article-title":"Stimulation of the L2-L3 dorsal root ganglia induces effective pain relief in the low back","volume":"18","author":"Huygen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13180","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion stimulation for the treatment of joint pain with predominantly nociceptive characteristics: a case series","volume":"23","author":"Chapman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003348","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion stimulation alleviates pain-related behaviors in rats with nerve injury and osteoarthritis","volume":"133","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12028","article-title":"Effect of electrical field stimulation on dorsal root ganglion neuronal function","volume":"16","author":"Koopmeiners","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13323","article-title":"Mechanisms for the clinical utility of low-frequency stimulation in neuromodulation of the dorsal root ganglion","volume":"24","author":"Chapman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13322","article-title":"Very low frequencies maintain pain relief from dorsal root ganglion stimulation: an evaluation of dorsal root ganglion neurostimulation frequency tapering","volume":"24","author":"Chapman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.10.008","article-title":"Intermittent dorsal root ganglion stimulation is as efficacious as standard continuous dosing in treating chronic pain: results from a randomized controlled feasibility trial","volume":"25","author":"Chapman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12845","article-title":"The neuromodulation appropriateness consensus committee on best practices for dorsal root ganglion stimulation","volume":"22","author":"Deer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.12.010","article-title":"Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4)","volume":"114","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.030","article-title":"Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the \u201cBudapest Criteria\u201d) for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Harden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000492","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: an updated grading system for research and clinical practice","volume":"157","author":"Finnerup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13048","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion stimulation in experimental painful diabetic polyneuropathy: delayed wash-out of pain relief after low-frequency (1Hz) stimulation","volume":"23","author":"Koetsier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.046","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion stimulation attenuates the BOLD signal response to noxious sensory input in specific brain regions: insights into a possible mechanism for analgesia","volume":"147","author":"Pawela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.4.1957","article-title":"Robust suppression of afferent-induced excitation in the rat spinal dorsal horn after conditioning low-frequency stimulation","volume":"82","author":"Ikeda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.4.2412","article-title":"Robust changes of afferent-induced excitation in the rat spinal dorsal horn after conditioning high-frequency stimulation","volume":"83","author":"Ikeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-16-06483.1997","article-title":"Low-frequency stimulation of afferent Adelta-fibers induces long-term depression at primary afferent synapses with substantia gelatinosa neurons in the rat","volume":"17","author":"Sandk\u00fchler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.04.001","article-title":"Long-term depression of spinal nociception and pain in man: influence of varying stimulation parameters","volume":"13","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2718-8","article-title":"Heterotopic low-frequency stimulation induces nociceptive LTD within the same central receptive field in man","volume":"212","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102409354783","article-title":"Low-frequency electrical stimulation induces long-term depression in patients with chronic tension-type headache","volume":"30","author":"Lindelof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.06.001","article-title":"Electrical low-frequency stimulation induces long-term depression of sensory and affective components of pain in healthy man","volume":"14","author":"Rottmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.02.022","article-title":"Electrical low-frequency stimulation induces homotopic long-term depression of nociception and pain from hand in man","volume":"119","author":"Rottmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.08.006","article-title":"Electrical low-frequency stimulation induces central neuroplastic changes of pain processing in man","volume":"16","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.10.006","article-title":"Long-term depression of pain-related cerebral activation in healthy man: an fMRI study","volume":"14","author":"Rottmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13094","article-title":"Laser-evoked potentials recover gradually when using dorsal root ganglion stimulation, and this influences nociceptive pathways in neuropathic pain patients","volume":"22","author":"Morgalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12992","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion stimulation normalizes measures of pain processing in patients with chronic low-back pain: a prospective pilot study using quantitative sensory testing","volume":"21","author":"Chapman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02566-8","article-title":"Quantitative sensory phenotyping in chronic neuropathic pain patients treated with unilateral L4-dorsal root ganglion stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Kinfe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.08.015","article-title":"Rapid onset and short washout periods of dorsal root ganglion stimulation facilitate multiphase crossover study designs","volume":"12","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2010","article-title":"Sensory and signaling mechanisms of bradykinin, eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, and nitric oxide in peripheral nociceptors","volume":"92","author":"Peth\u00f6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2231","article-title":"Central mechanisms of pathological pain","volume":"16","author":"Kuner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12648","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglion field stimulation prevents inflammation and joint damage in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12866","article-title":"Selective L4 dorsal root ganglion stimulation evokes pain relief and changes of inflammatory markers: part I profiling of saliva and serum molecular patterns","volume":"22","author":"Gravius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1952-x","article-title":"Unilateral L4-dorsal root ganglion stimulation evokes pain relief in chronic neuropathic postsurgical knee pain and changes of inflammatory markers: part II whole transcriptome profiling","volume":"17","author":"Kinfe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transl Med"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715924000606?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715924000606?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T14:13:14Z","timestamp":1720102394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715924000606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094715924000606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation of Washout Periods After Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation Trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.02.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}