{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:40:35Z","timestamp":1790023235278,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T23:13:23Z","timestamp":1760656403000},"page":"163-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Review of Mechanistic Effects of Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Pravarakhya","family":"Puppalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugur","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek D.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AnneLeigh","family":"Twer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minza","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotanna","family":"Ojukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6488-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie G.","family":"Pilitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-024-00369-0","article-title":"A review of functional neuromodulation in humans using low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3521-12.2013","article-title":"Precise neural stimulation in the retina using focused ultrasound","volume":"33","author":"Menz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.07.024","article-title":"Manipulating neuronal activity in the mouse brain with ultrasound: a comparison with optogenetic activation of the cerebral cortex","volume":"604","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086939","article-title":"Increased anatomical specificity of neuromodulation via modulated focused ultrasound","volume":"9","author":"Mehi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib5","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates cortical and thalamic motor activity in awake sheep","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/031003","article-title":"Ultrasonic neuromodulation","volume":"13","author":"Naor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/5\/056002","article-title":"Computational exploration of wave propagation and heating from transcranial focused ultrasound for neuromodulation","volume":"13","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24170","article-title":"Ultrasound modulates ion channel currents","volume":"6","author":"Kubanek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/15357597221086111","article-title":"Low intensity focused ultrasound for epilepsy-a new approach to neuromodulation","volume":"22","author":"Bubrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15477","article-title":"Neuromodulation accompanying focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening","volume":"5","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ac2790","article-title":"Can ionic concentration changes due to mechanical deformation be responsible for the neurostimulation caused by focused ultrasound? A simulation study","volume":"42","author":"Filkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13873","article-title":"Kinetic disruption of lipid rafts is a mechanosensor for phospholipase D, article","volume":"7","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib14","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.015","article-title":"Reversible neuroinhibition by focused ultrasound is mediated by a thermal mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Darrow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.007","article-title":"Reversible neuroinhibition does not require a thermal mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Spivak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.07.041","article-title":"Electrophysiological-mechanical coupling in the neuronal membrane and its role in ultrasound neuromodulation and general anaesthesia","volume":"97","author":"Jerusalem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.872639","article-title":"Current state of potential mechanisms supporting low intensity focused ultrasound for neuromodulation, review","volume":"16","author":"Dell'Italia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015","article-title":"Ultrasound neuromodulation: a review of results, mechanisms and safety","volume":"45","author":"Blackmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28040-1","article-title":"Focused ultrasound excites cortical neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification","volume":"13","author":"Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.120068","article-title":"TRPC3 and TRPC6 are essential for normal mechanotransduction in subsets of sensory neurons and cochlear hair cells","volume":"2","author":"Quick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.01.1674","article-title":"Ultrasound modulates neuronal potassium currents via ionotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"16","author":"Clennell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab0b9a","article-title":"Low-intensity ultrasound suppresses low-Mg(2+)-induced epileptiform discharges in juvenile mouse hippocampal slices","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006980118","article-title":"Ultrasound activates mechanosensitive TRAAK K(+) channels through the lipid membrane","volume":"118","author":"Sorum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300291120","article-title":"The mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 contributes to ultrasound neuromodulation","volume":"120","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.10.037","article-title":"The mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 significantly mediates in vitro ultrasonic stimulation of neurons","volume":"21","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2149","article-title":"TRP channels in mechanosensation: direct or indirect activation?","volume":"8","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404877121","article-title":"TRPC6 is a mechanosensitive channel essential for ultrasound neuromodulation in the mammalian brain","volume":"121","author":"Matsushita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.07.008","article-title":"A comprehensive review of low-intensity focused ultrasound parameters and applications in neurologic and psychiatric disorders","volume":"28","author":"Cox","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28320-1","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of the human primary motor cortex","volume":"8","author":"Legon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032578","article-title":"Weak ultrasound contributes to neuromodulatory effects in the rat motor cortex","volume":"24","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3620","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates the activity of primary somatosensory cortex in humans","volume":"17","author":"Legon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.11.JNS16976","article-title":"Noninvasive neuromodulation and thalamic mapping with low-intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"128","author":"Dallapiazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.01.015","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound induces sustained synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus","volume":"15","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-023-00314-7","article-title":"Ultrasound neuromodulation of cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"14","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050611","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation: mechanisms of action and rationale for future applications in movement disorders","volume":"12","author":"Guerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0784-23.2024","article-title":"Transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation of the visual thalamus produces long-term depression of thalamocortical synapses in the adult visual cortex","volume":"44","author":"Mesik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.07.056","article-title":"Mechanisms of theta burst transcranial ultrasound induced plasticity in the human motor cortex","volume":"16","author":"Shamli Oghli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000330","article-title":"Suppression of EEG visual-evoked potentials in rats through neuromodulatory focused ultrasound","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22743-7","article-title":"Intrinsic functional neuron-type selectivity of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib41","article-title":"Noninvasive focused ultrasound stimulation can modulate phase-amplitude coupling between neuronal oscillations in the rat hippocampus. Original research","volume":"22 2016","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000572","article-title":"Effect of noninvasive focused ultrasound stimulation on gamma oscillations in rat hippocampus","volume":"27","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.012","article-title":"Non-invasive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound modulates primary cilia of rat hippocampal neurons","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib44","volume":"2021","author":"Bian","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbad078","article-title":"Focused ultrasound stimulates the prefrontal cortex and prevents MK-801-induced psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia in rats","volume":"50","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03130-9","article-title":"The effects of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of nucleus accumbens on neuronal gene expression and brain tissue in high alcohol-preferring rats","volume":"60","author":"Deveci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5917","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04656-w","article-title":"Transcriptomic alterations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats with chronic unpredictable stress induced by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound","volume":"62","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6472475","article-title":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound alleviates chronic neuropathic pain-induced allodynia by inhibiting neuroplasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.864481","article-title":"Ultrasound stimulation of prefrontal cortex improves lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice","volume":"13","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy039","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment by modulation of TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling and CREB\/BDNF expression","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7455","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204290","article-title":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound attenuates early traumatic brain injury by OX-A\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01129-7","article-title":"Low-intensity ultrasound restores long-term potentiation and memory in senescent mice through pleiotropic mechanisms including NMDAR signaling","volume":"26","author":"Blackmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040833","article-title":"Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption for drug delivery: a systematic review of protocols, efficacy, and safety outcomes from preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Gandhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40541","article-title":"Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates","volume":"8","author":"Verhagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg7700","article-title":"Ultrasound modulation of macaque prefrontal cortex selectively alters credit assignment-related activity and behavior","volume":"7","author":"Folloni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40998-0","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound-mediated neurochemical and functional connectivity changes in deep cortical regions in humans","volume":"14","author":"Yaakub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1359396","article-title":"Non-invasive suppression of the human nucleus accumbens (NAc) with transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) modulates the reward network: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00052","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound to the right prefrontal cortex improves mood and alters functional connectivity in humans","volume":"14","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116597","article-title":"Cortical hemodynamic responses induced by low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation of mouse cortex","volume":"211","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.10.029","article-title":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound modulates monkey visuomotor behavior","volume":"23","author":"Deffieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.11.022","article-title":"Visuomotor transformations are modulated by focused ultrasound over frontal eye field","volume":"47","author":"Lowe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib62","first-page":"11","article-title":"Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial ultrasound stimulation induces long-lasting and reversible effects on oculomotor performance in non-human primates. Original research","volume":"19","author":"Pouget","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-023-00817-0","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation modulates neural activities in mice under propofol anaesthesia","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119952","article-title":"Modulation effects of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on the neuronal firing activity and synaptic plasticity of mice","volume":"270","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.01.014","article-title":"Long term study of motivational and cognitive effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation in the dorsal striatum of nonhuman primates","volume":"15","author":"Munoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.04.012","article-title":"Sustained modulation of primate deep brain circuits with focused ultrasonic waves","volume":"16","author":"Webb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.03.013","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in the infralimbic cortex facilitates extinction of conditioned fear in rats","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2020.2975001","article-title":"Ultrasound stimulation of periaqueductal gray induces defensive behaviors","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3148877","article-title":"Trans-spinal focused ultrasound stimulation selectively modulates descending motor pathway","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.05.012","article-title":"Low-intensity ultrasound directly modulates neural activity of the cerebellar cortex","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2899631","article-title":"Wearable ultrasound improves motor function in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Bio Med Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13463","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound ameliorates depression-like behaviors in a rat model of chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5580","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac037","article-title":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation reverses social avoidance behavior in mice experiencing social defeat stress","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103429","article-title":"Transcranial ultrasound stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib75","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation facilitates hand motor function and cortical excitability: a crossover, randomized, double blind study","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.01.025","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound enhances sensory discrimination capability through somatosensory cortical excitation","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.032","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates the emergence of learned helplessness via midline theta modification","volume":"329","author":"Forster","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.011","article-title":"Inhibition of midfrontal theta with transcranial ultrasound explains greater approach versus withdrawal behavior in humans","volume":"16","author":"Ziebell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.03.004","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound of the amygdala modulates fear network activation and connectivity","volume":"17","author":"Chou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib80","article-title":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound to the human dorsal anterior cingulate attenuates acute pain perception and autonomic responses","volume":"44","author":"Strohman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001073","article-title":"Update in the clinical application of focused ultrasound","volume":"35","author":"Natera-Villalba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.880814","article-title":"Clinical intervention using focused ultrasound (FUS) stimulation of the brain in diverse neurological disorders","volume":"13","author":"Baek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad27ef","article-title":"Noninvasive modulation of essential tremor with focused ultrasonic waves","volume":"21","author":"Riis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040428","article-title":"Ultrasonic deep brain neuromodulation in acute disorders of consciousness: a proof-of-concept","volume":"12","author":"Cain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1211566","article-title":"Low-intensity focused ultrasound targeting the nucleus accumbens as a potential treatment for substance use disorder: safety and feasibility clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108721","article-title":"Peripheral focused ultrasound neuromodulation (pFUS)","volume":"341","author":"Cotero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab177","article-title":"Ultrasound in traumatic spinal cord injury: a wide-open field","volume":"89","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.04.476","article-title":"Transspinal focused ultrasound suppresses spinal reflexes in healthy rats","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8534466","article-title":"Effects of noninvasive low-intensity focus ultrasound neuromodulation on spinal cord neurocircuits in vivo","volume":"2021","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3233345","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound neuromodulation of a rodent's spinal cord suppresses motor evoked potentials","volume":"70","author":"Tsehay","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Bio Med Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab6be6","article-title":"Image-guided focused ultrasound modulates electrically evoked motor neuronal activity in the mouse peripheral nervous system in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1346412","article-title":"Assessment of focused ultrasound stimulation to induce peripheral nerve activity and potential damage in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Meana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aabef1","article-title":"In vitro single-unit recordings reveal increased peripheral nerve conduction velocity by focused pulsed ultrasound","volume":"4","author":"Ilham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13531","article-title":"Low intensity focused ultrasound increases duration of anti-nociceptive responses in female common peroneal nerve injury rats","volume":"25","author":"Liss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.9.JNS202962","article-title":"Pilot study on the effects of low intensity focused ultrasound in a swine model of neuropathic pain","volume":"135","author":"Hellman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2023.03.020","article-title":"MR thermometry imaging for low intensity focused ultrasound modulation of spinal nervous tissue","volume":"101","author":"Olinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.11.003","article-title":"Modulation of cardio-respiratory activity in mice via transcranial focused ultrasound","volume":"50","author":"Bendau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00150","article-title":"Ultrasound neuromodulation: mechanisms and the potential of multimodal stimulation for neuronal function assessment","volume":"8","author":"Kamimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib99","author":"Kamimura"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.586424","article-title":"Blood pressure modulation with low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation to the vagus nerve: a pilot animal study","volume":"14","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3231343","article-title":"Non-invasive ultrasound modulation of solitary tract nucleus exerts a sustainable antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"70","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Bio Med Eng"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S316","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.302453","article-title":"Emerging technologies and indications of neuromodulation and increasing role of non invasive neuromodulation","volume":"68","author":"Zibly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.04.010","article-title":"Noninvasive focused ultrasound for neuromodulation: a review","volume":"41","author":"Bowary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.002","article-title":"Human Studies of transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety","volume":"15","author":"Sarica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/15357597231213161","article-title":"The temporal lobe club: newer approaches to treat temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"Sperling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.06.003","article-title":"Safety of focused ultrasound neuromodulation in humans with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Stern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212810","article-title":"Focused ultrasound thalamotomy in tremor dominant Parkinson's disease: long-term results","volume":"12","author":"Sinai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404109111","article-title":"Optogenetic neuronal stimulation promotes functional recovery after stroke","volume":"111","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.12786\/bn.2021.14.e4","article-title":"Safety review and perspectives of transcranial focused ultrasound brain stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Neurorehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.04.005","article-title":"The effect of transcranial ultrasound pulse repetition frequency on sustained inhibition in the human primary motor cortex: a double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Zadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2023.3299750","article-title":"A review of ultrasound neuromodulation technologies","volume":"17","author":"Javid","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.02.028","article-title":"A framework for low-intensity low-frequency ultrasound neuromodulation sonication parameter identification from micromechanical Flexoelectricity modelling","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3085170","article-title":"Effective ultrasonic stimulation in human peripheral nervous system","volume":"69","author":"Riis","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Bio Med Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175635","article-title":"Questionable science and reproducibility in electrical brain stimulation research","volume":"12","author":"H\u00e9roux","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.11.FOCUS17586","article-title":"Focused ultrasound in neurosurgery: a historical perspective","volume":"44","author":"Harary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2022.106724","article-title":"Numerical investigation of the energy distribution of Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation for hippocampus","volume":"124","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.12.005","article-title":"Three-layer model with absorption for conservative estimation of the maximum acoustic transmission coefficient through the human skull for transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Attali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0011837","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound generates skull-conducted shear waves: computational model and implications for neuromodulation","volume":"117","author":"Salahshoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08183-w","article-title":"tACS motor system effects can be caused by transcutaneous stimulation of peripheral nerves","volume":"10","author":"Asamoah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.88762.3","article-title":"Auditory confounds can drive online effects of transcranial ultrasonic stimulation in humans","volume":"12","author":"Kop","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.04.036","article-title":"Ultrasound produces extensive brain activation via a cochlear pathway","volume":"98","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54497","article-title":"Systematic examination of low-intensity ultrasound parameters on human motor cortex excitability and behavior","volume":"9","author":"Fomenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00541.2018","article-title":"Focused ultrasound transiently increases membrane conductance in isolated crayfish axon","volume":"121","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35486-1","article-title":"Effects of Low Intensity Focused ultrasound on liposomes Containing Channel proteins","volume":"8","author":"Babakhanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.2992498","article-title":"Displacement imaging for focused ultrasound peripheral nerve neuromodulation","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.12.003","article-title":"Differential dose responses of transcranial focused ultrasound at brain regions indicate causal interactions","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.019","article-title":"Manipulation of subcortical and deep cortical activity in the primate brain using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation","volume":"101","author":"Folloni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278865","article-title":"Effects of focused ultrasound pulse duration on stimulating cortical and subcortical motor circuits in awake sheep","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab201","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances neurotrophic factors and alleviates neuroinflammation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"32","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib130","article-title":"Noninvasive ultrasound deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease model mouse","volume":"2019","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Research (Wash DC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101066","article-title":"Ultrasound neuromodulation inhibits seizures in acute epileptic monkeys","volume":"23","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.04.008","article-title":"Ultrasound stimulation inhibits recurrent seizures and improves behavioral outcome in an experimental model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"49","author":"Hakimova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.02.008","article-title":"Low-intensity (400 mW\/cm(2), 500 kHz) pulsed transcranial ultrasound preconditioning may mitigate focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.107127","article-title":"Application of subject-specific helmets for the study of human visuomotor behavior using transcranial focused ultrasound: a pilot study","volume":"226","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.10.001","article-title":"Multi-modal investigation of transcranial ultrasound-induced neuroplasticity of the human motor cortex","volume":"15","author":"Samuel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib136","author":"Julien"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57883-7","article-title":"Individualized non-invasive deep brain stimulation of the basal ganglia using transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Darmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.12.007","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound for the treatment of tremor: a preliminary case series","volume":"17","author":"Deveney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.05.003","article-title":"Sustained reduction of essential tremor with low-power non-thermal transcranial focused ultrasound stimulations in humans","volume":"17","author":"Bancel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29836","article-title":"Plasticity-induced effects of theta burst transcranial ultrasound stimulation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"39","author":"Grippe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29622","article-title":"Accelerated transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Samuel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12114-1","article-title":"Novel ultrasound neuromodulation therapy with transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) in Parkinson's disease: a first retrospective analysis","volume":"271","author":"Osou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.11.013","article-title":"Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation for epilepsy: a pilot safety trial","volume":"17","author":"Bubrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17105","article-title":"Pilot study of focused ultrasound for drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.01.007","article-title":"Focused ultrasound platform for investigating therapeutic neuromodulation across the human hippocampus","volume":"46","author":"Brinker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.008","article-title":"Ultrasonic thalamic stimulation in chronic disorders of consciousness","volume":"14","author":"Cain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03033-w","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound amygdala neuromodulation: a double-blind sham-controlled target engagement study and unblinded single-arm clinical trial","author":"Barksdale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.039","article-title":"A pilot study of low-intensity focused ultrasound for treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"168","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.08.006","article-title":"Thalamic transcranial ultrasound stimulation in treatment resistant depression","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npbr.2020.06.004","article-title":"A double-blind pilot study of transcranial ultrasound (TUS) as a five-day intervention: TUS mitigates worry among depressed participants","volume":"37","author":"Reznik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51882","article-title":"Transcranial pulse stimulation in the treatment of mild neurocognitive disorders","volume":"10","author":"Fong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad226","article-title":"Effects of transcranial pulse stimulation on autism spectrum disorder: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Cheung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.04.021","article-title":"The efficacy of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized sham-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib154","article-title":"Transcranial pulse stimulation with ultrasound in Alzheimer's disease\u2014A new navigated focal brain therapy","volume":"7","author":"Beisteiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.06.007","article-title":"Focused transcranial ultrasound for treatment of neurodegenerative dementia","volume":"5","author":"Nicodemus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.05.002","article-title":"Transcranial ultrasound (TUS) effects on mental states: a pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Hameroff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715925002764?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715925002764?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T07:21:57Z","timestamp":1780557717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715925002764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094715925002764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Review of Mechanistic Effects of Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.07.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}