{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:12:35Z","timestamp":1793293955999,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,6,4]],"date-time":"2027-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1812067200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":368,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34DA046635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34DA046635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006691","name":"Harvard Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T22:30:53Z","timestamp":1760567453000},"page":"597-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Both Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Great Auricular Nerve Stimulation Modulate Functional and Structural Connectivity of Brainstem Nuclei in Chronic Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9403-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keming","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiani","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sveta","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Sacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy Katherine","family":"Ursitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sierra","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.10.2091","article-title":"Pharmacological alternatives for the alleviation of back pain","volume":"5","author":"Bogduk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2012.08.001","article-title":"Current challenges in translational pain research","volume":"33","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1160006","article-title":"The modulation effects of repeated transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on the functional connectivity of key brainstem regions along the vagus nerve pathway in migraine patients","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.07.013","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation (taVNS) might be a mechanism behind the analgesic effects of auricular acupuncture","volume":"10","author":"Usichenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102088","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) for migraine: an fMRI study","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12647","article-title":"Vagus nerve and vagus nerve stimulation, a comprehensive review: Part I","volume":"56","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","article-title":"Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans","volume":"8","author":"Frangos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00611","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation modulates the functional connectivity of the descending pain modulation system and reward network in patients with chronic low back pain","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)91193-0","article-title":"A possible interface between autonomic function and pain control: opioid analgesia and the nucleus tractus solitarius","volume":"424","author":"Lewis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c2937c","article-title":"The locus ceruleus norepinephrine system: functional organization and potential clinical significance","volume":"73","author":"Benarroch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib12","article-title":"Monoaminergic and opioidergic modulation of brainstem circuits: new insights into the clinical challenges of pain treatment?","volume":"2","author":"Tavares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-017-0303-1","article-title":"Characterization of serotonin-induced inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"10","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1089","article-title":"The nerve supply of the human auricle","volume":"15","author":"Peuker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.08.019","article-title":"Disrupted functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray in chronic low back pain","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.6.FOCUS18216","article-title":"The vagus afferent network: emerging role in translational connectomics","volume":"45","author":"Hachem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation I \u2013 a physiological perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101775","article-title":"Visual network alterations in brain functional connectivity in chronic low back pain: a resting state functional connectivity and machine learning study","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001507","article-title":"Abnormal medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity and its association with clinical symptoms in chronic low back pain","volume":"160","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8945","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.15.8945","article-title":"Spatiotemporal imaging of human brain activity using functional MRI constrained magnetoencephalography data: Monte Carlo simulations","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti053","article-title":"An efficient Monte Carlo approach to assessing statistical significance in genomic studies","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116760","article-title":"Multiple testing correction over contrasts for brain imaging","volume":"216","author":"Alberton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60357-5","article-title":"Mapping grey and white matter activity in the human brain with isotropic ADC-fMRI","volume":"16","author":"Spencer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00004","article-title":"A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain","volume":"8","author":"Roland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011","article-title":"The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005\u20132008","volume":"63","author":"Cella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5 suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000258615.42478.55","article-title":"The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years","volume":"45","author":"Cella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061719","article-title":"Acupuncture treatment modulates the connectivity of key regions of the descending pain modulation and reward systems in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib29","first-page":"54","article-title":"Developing methods for acupuncture research: rationale for and design of a pilot study evaluating the efficacy of acupuncture for chronic low back pain","volume":"9","author":"Sherman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","article-title":"Comparison of beck depression inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.65","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, and usual care for chronic low back pain","volume":"169","author":"Cherkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8579743","article-title":"Imagined and actual acupuncture effects on chronic low back pain: a preliminary study","volume":"2020","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002078","article-title":"Exercise intensity matters in chronic nonspecific low back pain rehabilitation","volume":"51","author":"Verbrugghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib34","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in chronic back pain patients - a single-centre retrospective analysis","volume":"3","author":"Sz\u00e9les","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002820","article-title":"Effects of electrical transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on the perceived intensity of repetitive painful heat stimuli: a blinded placebo- and sham-controlled randomized crossover investigation","volume":"126","author":"Janner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib36","first-page":"999","article-title":"[Chicken-claw needling at Xiaguan (ST 7) combined with intradermal needling on negative emotions in primary trigeminal neuralgia of phlegm obstruction and blood stasis: a randomized controlled trial]","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib37","first-page":"603","article-title":"[Effect of auricular point sticking therapy on perioperative pain in patients with partial lung resection]","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-008-0021-6","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: can it be used in adolescents or children with treatment-resistant depression?","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-85","article-title":"The auriculo-vagal afferent pathway and its role in seizure suppression in rats","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90756-X","article-title":"Central distribution of primary afferent fibers in the Arnold\u2019s nerve (the auricular branch of the vagus nerve): a transganglionic HRP study in the cat","volume":"292","author":"Nomura","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib41","series-title":"The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint","author":"Barr","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01732-5","article-title":"Neural networks and the anti-inflammatory effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in depression","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.12.001","article-title":"Optimization of vagus nerve stimulation parameters using the firing activity of serotonin neurons in the rat dorsal raphe","volume":"19","author":"Manta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib44","article-title":"Mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders: a focus on microglia and neuroinflammation","volume":"18","author":"Gargus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib45","series-title":"Olszewski and Baxter\u2018s Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib46","first-page":"2703","article-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Standring","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib47","series-title":"Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections, and Systems","author":"Haines","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib48","series-title":"Carpenter\u2019s Human Neuroanatomy","author":"Parent","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91179-1","article-title":"The central projections of the great auricular nerve primary afferent fibers \u2014 an HRP transganglionic tracing method","volume":"445","author":"Liu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib50","series-title":"Control of Nociceptive Transmission in the Spinal Cord","author":"Willis","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa114","article-title":"Tools of the trade: estimating time-varying connectivity patterns from fMRI data","volume":"16","author":"Iraji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102071","article-title":"Abnormal dynamic properties of functional connectivity in disorders of consciousness","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.012065","article-title":"White matter microstructural damage on diffusion tensor imaging in cerebral small vessel disease: clinical consequences","volume":"47","author":"Pasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101911","article-title":"Abnormal white matter changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on diffusion tensor imaging: a systematic review","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6798","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318665111","article-title":"Cortical control of adaptation and sensory relay mode in the thalamus","volume":"111","author":"Mease","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003069","article-title":"Electrostimulation of the white matter of the posterior insula and medial operculum: perception of vibrations, heat, and pain","volume":"165","author":"Mandonnet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.057","article-title":"Interoceptive and multimodal functions of the operculo-insular cortex: tactile, nociceptive and vestibular representations","volume":"83","author":"zu Eulenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06148-y","article-title":"Neural circuits regulating visceral pain","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00238","article-title":"The nucleus of the solitary tract and the coordination of respiratory and sympathetic activities","volume":"5","author":"Zoccal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.11.019","article-title":"A genetically defined insula-brainstem circuit selectively controls motivational vigor","volume":"184","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac403","article-title":"Lesions to both somatic and affective pain pathways lead to decreased salience network connectivity","volume":"146","author":"Jalon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.04.028","article-title":"The contribution of sensory system functional connectivity reduction to clinical pain in fibromyalgia","volume":"155","author":"Pujol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.11.023","article-title":"The role of the locus coeruleus in pain and associated stress-related disorders","volume":"91","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.13.6032","article-title":"Inhibitory influence of frontal cortex on locus coeruleus neurons","volume":"92","author":"Sara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18247","article-title":"Locus coeruleus to basolateral amygdala noradrenergic projections promote anxiety-like behavior","volume":"6","author":"McCall","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00051","article-title":"Monoaminergic neuromodulation of sensory processing","volume":"12","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.037","article-title":"Across-study and within-subject functional connectivity of a right temporo-parietal junction subregion involved in stimulus\u2013context integration","volume":"60","author":"Jakobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001332","article-title":"Dynamic pain connectome functional connectivity and oscillations reflect multiple sclerosis pain","volume":"159","author":"Bosma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320827111","article-title":"Heterogeneous organization of the locus coeruleus projections to prefrontal and motor cortices","volume":"111","author":"Chandler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.03.008","article-title":"The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Seminowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9185","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179185","article-title":"Multiple posterior insula projections to the brainstem descending pain modulatory system","volume":"25","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031234","article-title":"Deciphering the functions of raphe\u2013hippocampal serotonergic and glutamatergic circuits and their deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070815-013913","article-title":"Human spinal motor control","volume":"39","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.018","article-title":"Transmitting pain and itch messages: a contemporary view of the spinal cord circuits that generate gate control","volume":"82","author":"Braz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2110098","article-title":"Cutaneous electroanalgesia for relief of chronic and neuropathic pain","volume":"389","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.003","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates amygdala functional connectivity in patients with depression","volume":"205","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.025","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates default mode network in major depressive disorder","volume":"79","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.01.006","article-title":"A distinct biomarker of continuous transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation treatment in major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0543-3","article-title":"Treatment of chronic migraine with transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (auricular t-VNS): a randomized, monocentric clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Straube","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.08.459","article-title":"Evaluation of the modulation effects evoked by different transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation frequencies along the central vagus nerve pathway in migraine: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"26","author":"Sacca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib81","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve Stimulation in migraine: an alternative treatment of chronic migraine","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154255","article-title":"Scrambler therapy for chronic pain after burns and its effect on the cerebral pain network: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715925010256?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715925010256?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T11:37:26Z","timestamp":1781782646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715925010256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094715925010256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Both Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Great Auricular Nerve Stimulation Modulate Functional and Structural Connectivity of Brainstem Nuclei in Chronic Low Back Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.08.415","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}