{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T23:27:56Z","timestamp":1786490876248,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:48:46Z","timestamp":1779292126000},"page":"971-980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultra-low Frequency Neuromodulation and Traditional SCS Alter Thalamic Firing Patterns in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4691-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyn G.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam A.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott F.","family":"Lempka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishant","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6736a2","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults - United States, 2016","volume":"67","author":"Dahlhamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010364","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies","volume":"6","author":"Fayaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7","article-title":"Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances","volume":"397","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm675152e1","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths - United States, 2013\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Scholl","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00794-7","article-title":"Neuromodulation for chronic pain","volume":"397","author":"Knotkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2024.2382234","article-title":"Electrical neuromodulation for the treatment of chronic pain: derivation of the intrinsic barriers, outcomes and considerations of the sustainability of implantable spinal cord stimulation therapies","volume":"21","author":"Malinowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196707000-00025","article-title":"Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report","volume":"46","author":"Shealy","year":"1967","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3699.971","article-title":"Pain mechanisms: a new theory","volume":"150","author":"Melzack","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12095","article-title":"Predictors of pain relief following spinal cord stimulation in chronic back and leg pain and failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000774","article-title":"Novel 10-kHz high-frequency therapy (HF10 therapy) is superior to traditional low-frequency spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: the SENZA-RCT randomized controlled trial","volume":"123","author":"Kapural","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12698","article-title":"Success using neuromodulation with BURST (SUNBURST) study: results from a prospective, randomized controlled trial using a novel burst waveform","volume":"21","author":"Deer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2018.10.005","article-title":"Innovations in spinal cord stimulation for pain","volume":"8","author":"Lempka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13390","article-title":"Exploration of high- and low-frequency options for subperception spinal cord stimulation using neural dosing parameter relationships: the HALO study","volume":"25","author":"Paz-Sol\u00eds","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg9890","article-title":"Neuromodulation using ultra low frequency current waveform reversibly blocks axonal conduction and chronic pain","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib16","article-title":"Spinal neuromodulation using ultra low frequency waveform inhibits sensory signaling to the thalamus and preferentially reduces aberrant firing of thalamic neurons in a model of neuropathic pain","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib17","series-title":"Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord","first-page":"217","article-title":"Ascending sensory pathways in the cord white matter","author":"Willis","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00268-8","article-title":"Projections from the marginal zone and deep dorsal horn to the ventrobasal nuclei of the primate thalamus","volume":"92","author":"Willis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.5.1537","article-title":"Neuronal responsiveness in the ventrobasal thalamic complex of rats with an experimental peripheral mononeuropathy","volume":"64","author":"Guilbaud","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00237.2016","article-title":"Neuronal hyperexcitability in the ventral posterior thalamus of neuropathic rats: modality selective effects of pregabalin","volume":"116","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115556","article-title":"The dorsal column nuclei scale mechanical sensitivity in naive and neuropathic pain states","volume":"44","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.08.017","article-title":"Animal models and the prediction of efficacy in clinical trials of analgesic drugs: a critical appraisal and call for uniform reporting standards","volume":"139","author":"Rice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib23","series-title":"Preclinical Animal Modeling In Medicine","article-title":"Animal pain models for spinal cord stimulation","author":"Williams","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib24","series-title":"The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib25","first-page":"461","article-title":"Importance and documentation of an epidural stimulating position","volume":"45","author":"Law","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(91)90125-H","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for chronic, intractable pain: superiority of \"multi-channel\" devices","volume":"44","author":"North","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib27","series-title":"Handbook of Neuroengineering","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biophysics and mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain","author":"Titus","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2007.11.001","article-title":"Putative mechanisms behind effects of spinal cord stimulation on vascular diseases: a review of experimental studies","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000047","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and glial cell activation in animals with neuropathic pain","volume":"118","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00892-9","article-title":"Neuromodulation, specialized proresolving mediators, and resolution of pain","volume":"17","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S258602","article-title":"Developments in understanding diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: pharmacological evidence from pre-clinical research","volume":"14","author":"Kucharczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.08.010","article-title":"Neural basis of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for neuropathic pain relief","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.07.028","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30414-4","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of closed-loop spinal cord stimulation to treat chronic back and leg pain (Evoke): a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Mekhail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.09.005","article-title":"Neural recruitment during conventional burst, and 10-kHz spinal cord stimulation for pain","volume":"23","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.10.021","article-title":"Absence of paresthesia during high-rate spinal cord stimulation reveals importance of synchrony for sensations evoked by electrical stimulation","volume":"112","author":"Sagalajev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz073","article-title":"Mechanism of action in burst spinal cord stimulation: review and recent advances","volume":"20","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(69)90150-4","article-title":"Observations on anodal polarization of cutaneous nerve","volume":"13","author":"Casey","year":"1969","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib39","first-page":"R454","article-title":"Effect of anodal blockade of myelinated fibers on vagal C-fiber afferents","volume":"239","author":"Hopp","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2004.834205","article-title":"Direct current electrical conduction block of peripheral nerve","volume":"12","author":"Bhadra","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2589541","article-title":"Continuous direct current nerve block using multi contact high capacitance electrodes","volume":"25","author":"Vrabec","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-010-0679-x","article-title":"Conduction block of whole nerve without onset firing using combined high frequency and direct current","volume":"49","author":"Ackermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1385-5","article-title":"Characterization of high capacitance electrodes for the application of direct current electrical nerve block","volume":"54","author":"Vrabec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102205","article-title":"Direct current effects on afferent and hair cell to elicit natural firing patterns","volume":"24","author":"Steinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad36e2","article-title":"Galvanic vs. pulsatile effects on decision-making networks: reshaping the neural activation landscape","volume":"21","author":"Adkisson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib46","article-title":"Ionic direct current enables millimeter- and millisecond-scale cortical gain control in vivo","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/47.11.1123-b","article-title":"The use of direct current to cause selective block of large fibres in peripheral nerves","volume":"47","author":"Whitwam","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols","volume":"141","author":"Merrill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib49","article-title":"O107 long-term safety of ultra low frequency waveform shown in large animals","volume":"28","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2909165","article-title":"A carbon slurry separated interface nerve electrode for electrical block of nerve conduction","volume":"27","author":"Vrabec","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901550203","article-title":"Impulses in dorsal spinal nerve rootlets in cats and rabbits arising from dorsal root ganglia isolated from the periphery","volume":"155","author":"Kirk","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00211-0","article-title":"Spontaneous activity of axotomized afferent neurons after L5 spinal nerve injury in rats","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00251-7","article-title":"Tactile allodynia in the absence of C-fiber activation: altered firing properties of DRG neurons following spinal nerve injury","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00855.2002","article-title":"Similar electrophysiological changes in axotomized and neighboring intact dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"89","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2003.10.019","article-title":"Nociceptive response to innocuous mechanical stimulation is mediated via myelinated afferents and NK-1 receptor activation in a rat model of neuropathic pain","volume":"186","author":"Pitcher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220050020535","article-title":"Changes in neuronal activities in the two ventral posterior medial thalamic nuclei in an experimental model of trigeminal pain in the rat by constriction of one infraorbital nerve","volume":"17","author":"Vos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E870","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000392","article-title":"Sustained neuronal hyperexcitability is evident in the thalamus after a transient cervical radicular injury","volume":"39","author":"Syr\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715926001224?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715926001224?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T22:34:49Z","timestamp":1786487689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715926001224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094715926001224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ultra-low Frequency Neuromodulation and Traditional SCS Alter Thalamic Firing Patterns in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the International Neuromodulation Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}