{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T10:41:51Z","timestamp":1792233711559,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004921","name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKRI 527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKRI 527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:06:50Z","timestamp":1788390410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Working Memory Enhancement: A Comparative Study of Electrical and Ultrasound Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1085-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Falcon-Caro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Jun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3739-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JeYoung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422","article-title":"Working memory: theories, models, and controversies","volume":"63","author":"Baddeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-013-9246-y","article-title":"Working memory underpins cognitive development, learning, and education","volume":"26","author":"Cowan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib3","series-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory","first-page":"145","article-title":"Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control","author":"Engle","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032371","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and working memory in adults: a meta-analytic review","volume":"27","author":"Alderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.599","article-title":"Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070993","article-title":"Working memory after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Vallat-Azouvi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-005-3583-7","article-title":"Working memory and learning in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Germano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2314","article-title":"Working memory in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a neuropsychological review","volume":"25","author":"Huntley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121218","article-title":"Neurochemical modulation of response inhibition and probabilistic learning in humans","volume":"311","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00024","article-title":"Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: insights drawn from computational models","volume":"6","author":"Newman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070890","article-title":"The neuromodulatory role of the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems and their interplay in cognitive functions: a focused review","volume":"12","author":"Slater","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02252","article-title":"Effects of Locus Coeruleus activation on n-Back performance and frontoparietal activity","volume":"37","author":"Negelspach","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.018","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in brain diseases: therapeutic applications and biological mechanisms","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.01.008","article-title":"Working memory improvement with non-invasive brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Brunoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib16","first-page":"18","article-title":"Non-invasive neurostimulation promotes working memory performance in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Technol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2017.1285869","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation improves working memory performance","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.790793","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves spatial working memory in healthy young adults","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0755-z","article-title":"BOLD fMRI deactivation of limbic and temporal brain structures and mood enhancing effect by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"114","author":"Kraus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","article-title":"Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans","volume":"8","author":"Frangos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1220-5","article-title":"A locus coeruleus-norepinephrine account of individual differences in working memory capacity and attention control","volume":"24","author":"Unsworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00057.2020","article-title":"A literature review on the neurophysiological underpinnings and cognitive effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: challenges and future directions","volume":"123","author":"Colzato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00284","article-title":"Critical review of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: challenges for translation to clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Yap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1184051","article-title":"Impact of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on healthy cognitive and brain aging","volume":"17","author":"Trifilio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0391-6","article-title":"Noradrenergic modulation of working memory and emotional memory in humans","volume":"188","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1361-20.2020","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans induces pupil dilation and attenuates alpha oscillations","volume":"41","author":"Sharon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72179-4","article-title":"Evaluating phasic transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) with pupil dilation: the importance of stimulation intensity and sensory perception","volume":"14","author":"Ludwig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00202","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on the P300 and alpha-amylase level: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Ventura-Bort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.09.009","article-title":"Evidence for a modulating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on salivary alpha-amylase as indirect noradrenergic marker: a pooled mega-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Giraudier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.01.022","article-title":"Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation alter pupil dilation? A living Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Pervaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.02.013","article-title":"Tonic and phasic transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) both evoke rapid and transient pupil dilation","volume":"17","author":"Skora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13984","article-title":"No evidence for a modulating effect of continuous transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on markers of noradrenergic activity","volume":"59","author":"D'Agostini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib34","article-title":"Effects of off-line auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on a short-term memory task: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Fisicaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1145207","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) applications in cognitive aging: a review and commentary","volume":"15","author":"Naparstek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1693907","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in healthy individuals, stroke, and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a narrative review of safety, parameters, and efficacy","volume":"16","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1595737","article-title":"A vagal route to memory: evidence from invasive and non-invasive electrical vagus nerve stimulation studies and areas for future clinical application","volume":"19","author":"Szeska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3085170","article-title":"Effective ultrasonic stimulation in human peripheral nervous system","volume":"69","author":"Riis","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115821119","article-title":"Focused ultrasound excites action potentials in mammalian peripheral neurons in part through the mechanically gated ion channel PIEZO2","volume":"119","author":"Hoffman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca8cd","article-title":"Autonomic modulation by low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation of the vagus nerve","volume":"19","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1376140","article-title":"Ultrasound stimulation of the vagus nerve as a treatment modality for anxiety","volume":"15","author":"Goyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2023.3343915","article-title":"Development of a wearable ultrasonic auricular vagus nerve stimulator","volume":"71","author":"Hacker","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/69770","article-title":"Reduction of anxiety-related symptoms using low-intensity ultrasound neuromodulation on the auricular branch of the vagus nerve: preliminary study","volume":"4","author":"Kohler","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Neurotech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15090986","article-title":"Auricular ultrasonic vagus nerve stimulation: effectiveness of blinding and occurrence of adverse effects in healthy volunteers","volume":"15","author":"Labree","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation I \u2013 a physiological perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.04.016","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhances emotional bias toward happiness in healthy young adults: a comparative study of electric and ultrasound stimulation","author":"Kang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G\u2217Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib49","series-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208034","article-title":"The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness, version 2 (MAIA-2)","volume":"13","author":"Mehling","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1558-x","article-title":"The effect of the interval-between-sessions on prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Dedoncker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib52","article-title":"Timing-specific effects of single-session M1 anodal tDCS on motor sequence retention in healthy older adults","volume":"1","author":"Puri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00352","article-title":"Reporting and Interpreting Working Memory Performance in n-back Tasks","volume":"8","author":"Meule","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203619","article-title":"Corrections for extreme proportions and their biasing effects on estimated values of d","volume":"27","author":"Hautus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib78","series-title":"statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with python","author":"Seabold","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.05.014","article-title":"Holding the body in mind: interoceptive awareness, dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being","volume":"99","author":"Hanley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v10i5.15288","article-title":"Working memory, attention and their relationship: a theoretical overview","volume":"10","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Soc Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib57","first-page":"80","article-title":"Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review","volume":"20","author":"Badran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.947236","article-title":"Assessing the effect of simultaneous combining of transcranial direct current stimulation and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on the improvement of working memory performance in healthy individuals","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14395","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves working memory in temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized double-blind study","volume":"30","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00093","article-title":"The complex interaction between anxiety and cognition: insight from spatial and verbal working memory","volume":"7","author":"Vytal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15541-0","article-title":"Multimodal network dynamics underpinning working memory","volume":"11","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026187","article-title":"Memory modulation","volume":"125","author":"Roozendaal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib63","first-page":"36","article-title":"Working memory and attention \u2013 a conceptual analysis and review","volume":"2","author":"Oberauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190228","article-title":"Tracking stimulus representation across a 2-back visual working memory task","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05442-5","article-title":"Corvids optimize working memory by categorizing continuous stimuli","volume":"6","author":"Apostel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.11.006","article-title":"Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: focus on the prefrontal cortex","volume":"113","author":"Ramos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.015","article-title":"\u03b12A-adrenoceptors strengthen working memory networks by inhibiting cAMP-HCN channel signaling in prefrontal cortex","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/acd870","article-title":"Physical mechanisms of emerging neuromodulation modalities","volume":"20","author":"Karatum","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2022.103038","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation \u2013 a brief introduction and overview","volume":"243","author":"Hilz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648","article-title":"Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function","volume":"10","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005073","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation boosts mood recovery after effort exertion","volume":"52","author":"Ferstl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.122193","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation enhances reward-effort efficiency in major depressive disorder","volume":"413","author":"Forbes","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.10.012","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation normalizes food liking and improves liking ratings in depression","volume":"191","author":"Koepp","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.03.011","article-title":"Transauricular vagal nerve stimulation at 40 Hz inhibits hippocampal P2X7R\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 signaling and improves spatial learning and memory in 6-month-old APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.872639","article-title":"Current state of potential mechanisms supporting low intensity focused ultrasound for neuromodulation","volume":"16","author":"Dell'Italia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715926013292?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715926013292?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T09:49:43Z","timestamp":1792230583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715926013292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S1094715926013292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Working Memory Enhancement: A Comparative Study of Electrical and Ultrasound Stimulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the International Neuromodulation Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}