{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:59:24Z","timestamp":1791460764956,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuromodulationjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:55:48Z","timestamp":1789602948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-cell and Spatial Omics Reveal Spinal Cord Injury Microenvironmental Heterogeneity Relevant to Neural Interfaces and Spinal Neuromodulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4280-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingjie","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengbo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00287-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"22","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00849-3","article-title":"Neuronal maturation and axon regeneration: unfixing circuitry to enable repair","volume":"25","author":"Hilton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-01467","article-title":"The role of autophagy in spinal cord injury: mechanisms, crosstalk, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130391","article-title":"Gabapentinoid treatment promotes corticospinal plasticity and regeneration following murine spinal cord injury","volume":"130","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.004","article-title":"Reducing pericyte-derived scarring promotes recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"173","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0280-3","article-title":"The translational landscape in spinal cord injury: focus on neuroplasticity and regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Hutson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0467-6","article-title":"Required growth facilitators propel axon regeneration across complete spinal cord injury","volume":"561","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.143403","article-title":"Neurotrophin-3\/chitosan inhibits cuproptosis-related genes to enable functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"310","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.06.031","article-title":"Sustained dual drug delivery of anti-inhibitory molecules for treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"213","author":"Wilems","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww039","article-title":"Neuregulin-1 controls an endogenous repair mechanism after spinal cord injury","volume":"139","author":"Bartus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30467-5","article-title":"Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans prevent immune cell phenotypic conversion and inflammation resolution via TLR4 in rodent models of spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Francos-Quijorna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201319","article-title":"Inflammatory microenvironment-responsive nanomaterials promote spinal cord injury repair by targeting IRF5","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf164","article-title":"More is more: combining therapies to enhance spinal cord injury recovery","volume":"148","author":"Scheuren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00061","article-title":"Combinatorial therapies for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"20","author":"Sousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01414-8","article-title":"A brain\u2013computer interface working definition","volume":"9","author":"Slutzky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06094-5","article-title":"Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain-spine interface","volume":"618","author":"Lorach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.05.001","article-title":"Neuroplasticity subserving the operation of brain\u2013machine interfaces","volume":"83","author":"Oweiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6021","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136021","article-title":"Advances in neuromodulation and digital brain-spinal cord interfaces for spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Jaszczuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab248","article-title":"Implantable brain-computer interface for neuroprosthetic-enabled volitional hand grasp restoration in spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Cajigas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24864-5","article-title":"Training with noninvasive brain\u2013machine interface, tactile feedback, and locomotion to enhance neurological recovery in individuals with complete paraplegia: a randomized pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Nicolelis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106675","article-title":"Brain-computer interface enhanced by virtual reality training for controlling a lower limb exoskeleton","volume":"26","author":"Ferrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682251389598","article-title":"Combined epidural stimulation and virtual reality rehabilitation for comprehensive neuromotor recovery following spinal cord injury: a single arm study","volume":"16","author":"Kaura","year":"2026","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214898","article-title":"Voluntary modulation of evoked responses generated by epidural and transcutaneous spinal stimulation in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Calvert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa423","article-title":"Predictors of volitional motor recovery with epidural stimulation in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"144","author":"Mesbah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14003-w","article-title":"Motor recovery after activity-based training with spinal cord epidural stimulation in a chronic motor complete paraplegic","volume":"7","author":"Rejc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01663-5","article-title":"Activity-dependent spinal cord neuromodulation rapidly restores trunk and leg motor functions after complete paralysis","volume":"28","author":"Rowald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib28","article-title":"Synergistic integration of epidural spinal cord stimulation with robotic therapy and neurorehabilitation to facilitate functional recovery in chronic sensorimotor complete spinal cord injury: a case series","volume":"14","author":"Wee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Rehabil Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib29","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26622","article-title":"Multisite Hebbian plasticity restores function in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"93","author":"Jo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5162","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115162","article-title":"Mechanisms of different motor neurons in the occurrence of spasticity after spinal cord injury: a narrative review","volume":"26","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113009","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"320","author":"Holmes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.04.003","article-title":"Somatosensation in the brain: a theoretical re-evaluation and a new model","volume":"24","author":"de Haan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30287-4","article-title":"Neuromodulation in the restoration of function after spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal5054","article-title":"Human-in-the-loop optimization of exoskeleton assistance during walking","volume":"356","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2009.2033627","article-title":"Tactile sensing\u2014from humans to humanoids","volume":"26","author":"Dahiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Robot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0380","article-title":"A brain-computer interface that evokes tactile sensations improves robotic arm control","volume":"372","author":"Flesher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20703-1","article-title":"Recruitment of upper-limb motoneurons with epidural electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"12","author":"Greiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.03.016","article-title":"Bridging cortical intentions: brain\u2013computer interfaces for spinal cord injury recovery","volume":"71","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.10.006","article-title":"Invasive brain computer interface for motor restoration in spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Levett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnrt.2025.100238","article-title":"Enhancing motor rehabilitation using a hybrid BCI paradigm: integrating high-frequency SSVEP with action observation and motor imagery","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurorestoratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683251335331","article-title":"The power of placebo to restore neurological function after spinal cord injury: implications for neuromodulation","volume":"39","author":"McDougall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-210093","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation for motor recovery in spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"McHugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0649-2","article-title":"Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"563","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03180-w","article-title":"Neuroprosthetic baroreflex controls haemodynamics after spinal cord injury","volume":"590","author":"Squair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20118","article-title":"A brain\u2013spine interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord injury in primates","volume":"539","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00199-9","article-title":"Progression in translational research on spinal cord injury based on microenvironment imbalance","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01196-1","article-title":"Natural and targeted circuit reorganization after spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2024.101255","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics: bridging current technologies with long-read sequencing","volume":"96","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01233-1","article-title":"Spatial charting of single-cell transcriptomes in tissues","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48868-z","article-title":"DOT: a flexible multi-objective optimization framework for transferring features across single-cell and spatial omics","volume":"15","author":"Rahimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00615-w","article-title":"The technological landscape and applications of single-cell multi-omics","volume":"24","author":"Baysoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01264-7","article-title":"Deep learning and alignment of spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes with Tangram","volume":"18","author":"Biancalani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03675-2","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the role of Macrophage-Na\u00efve CD4 + T cell interaction in the immunosuppressive microenvironment of primary liver carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02040-9","article-title":"Advances in spatial transcriptomics and its applications in cancer research","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2484","article-title":"RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061427","article-title":"Animal models of spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Sobolev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.243694","article-title":"Differences in neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury in varying animal models and humans","volume":"14","author":"Filipp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.354","article-title":"The effects of epidural stimulation on individuals with spinal cord injury or disease and on animal models of spinal cord injury: a systematic scoping review","volume":"101","author":"Rademeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27419-w","article-title":"An injury-induced serotonergic neuron subpopulation contributes to axon regrowth and function restoration after spinal cord injury in zebrafish","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02040-5","article-title":"Causal identification of single-cell experimental perturbation effects with CINEMA-OT","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.034","article-title":"Reactive gliosis and the multicellular response to CNS damage and disease","volume":"81","author":"Burda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00885-4","article-title":"Temporal and spatial cellular and molecular pathological alterations with single-cell resolution in the adult spinal cord after injury","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00770-9","article-title":"CNS fibroblasts form a fibrotic scar in response to immune cell infiltration","volume":"24","author":"Dorrier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02337-2","article-title":"Inflammation after spinal cord injury: a review of the critical timeline of signaling cues and cellular infiltration","volume":"18","author":"Hellenbrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08446-0","article-title":"Microglia are an essential component of the neuroprotective scar that forms after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Bellver-Landete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210040","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of the cellular heterogeneity and interactions in the injured mouse spinal cord","volume":"218","author":"Milich","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.817752","article-title":"Cellular and molecular gradients in the ventral horns with increasing distance from the injury site after spinal cord contusion","volume":"16","author":"Kabdesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.010","article-title":"Guidelines to study and develop soft electrode systems for neural stimulation","volume":"108","author":"Schiavone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1650","article-title":"ATF3 is a neuron-specific biomarker for spinal cord injury and ischaemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2795-6","article-title":"Microglia-organized scar-free spinal cord repair in neonatal mice","volume":"587","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkab035","article-title":"Deciphering glial scar after spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi6412","article-title":"Recovery of walking after paralysis by regenerating characterized neurons to their natural target region","volume":"381","author":"Squair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07504-y","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial atlases of spinal cord injury in the Tabulae Paralytica","volume":"631","author":"Skinnider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00063","article-title":"Dynamic development of microglia and macrophages after spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01257-z","article-title":"Perivascular cells induce microglial phagocytic states and synaptic engulfment via SPP1 in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"De Schepper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003459361","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide modulates microglial polarization and remodels the injury microenvironment to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","article-title":"Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Escartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19453-x","article-title":"Distinct oligodendrocyte populations have spatial preference and different responses to spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Floriddia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31797-0","article-title":"Microglia coordinate cellular interactions during spinal cord repair in mice","volume":"13","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200463R","article-title":"Heterogeneity analysis of astrocytes following spinal cord injury at single-cell resolution","volume":"36","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40513-5","article-title":"Single-cell analysis reveals region-heterogeneous responses in rhesus monkey spinal cord with complete injury","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0924-x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution","volume":"566","author":"Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33184-1","article-title":"Single cell atlas of spinal cord injury in mice reveals a pro-regenerative signature in spinocerebellar neurons","volume":"13","author":"Matson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02059-x","article-title":"Microglial inflammation after chronic spinal cord injury is enhanced by reactive astrocytes via the fibronectin\/\u03b21 integrin pathway","volume":"18","author":"Yoshizaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6808","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50628-y","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of innate spinal cord regeneration identifies intersecting modes of neuronal repair","volume":"15","author":"Saraswathy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-026-00960-w","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics reveals compartment-specific cytotoxic T cell crosstalk with AT2 and goblet cells in advanced COPD","volume":"14","author":"Syarif","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.08.021","article-title":"A proteomic landscape of pharmacologic perturbations for functional relevance","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.03.004","article-title":"Depletion of complement factor 3 delays the neuroinflammatory response to intracortical microelectrodes","volume":"118","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03130-w","article-title":"Altered processing of self-produced sensations in psychosis at cortical and spinal levels","volume":"30","author":"Salamone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123477","article-title":"Multi-omic spatially resolved analysis of the neuroinflammatory response to intracortical microelectrode arrays","volume":"324","author":"Druschel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0736-y","article-title":"Multiple organ dysfunction and systemic inflammation after spinal cord injury: a complex relationship","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0424-1","article-title":"Chondroitinase improves anatomical and functional outcomes after primate spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404395121","article-title":"Lipin1 depletion coordinates neuronal signaling pathways to promote motor and sensory axon regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.09.005","article-title":"Determinants of axon growth, plasticity, and regeneration in the context of spinal cord injury","volume":"188","author":"Filous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.006","article-title":"Concepts and methods for the study of axonal regeneration in the CNS","volume":"74","author":"Tuszynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0068-4","article-title":"Dissecting spinal cord regeneration","volume":"557","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi6287","article-title":"Astrocytes contribute to pain gating in the spinal cord","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.327325","article-title":"Microglial voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 in spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0077-4","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation-associated brain tissue imprints: a new in vivo approach to biological research in human Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Zaccaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00297-y","article-title":"Analysis of human brain tissue derived from DBS surgery","volume":"11","author":"Kangas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001687","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in acute experimental ischemic stroke","volume":"44","author":"Peruzzotti-Jametti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0093-5","article-title":"Cortico\u2013reticulo\u2013spinal circuit reorganization enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord contusion","volume":"21","author":"Asboth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib105","article-title":"Combined transcriptomics and proteomics studies on the effect of electrical stimulation on spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03597-w","article-title":"Electrical stimulation affects the differentiation of transplanted regionally specific human spinal neural progenitor cells (sNPCs) after chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Patil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.10.004","article-title":"Electrical stimulation promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury by activating endogenous spinal cord-derived neural stem\/progenitor cell: an in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"24","author":"Bang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05385-7","article-title":"The neurons that restore walking after paralysis","volume":"611","author":"Kathe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-022-09804-3","article-title":"Construction of the dynamic model of SCI rehabilitation using bidirectional stimulation and its application in rehabilitating with BCI","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn Neurodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab8fc4","article-title":"Anatomical and technical factors affecting the neural response to epidural spinal cord stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Zander","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101615","article-title":"Stepping-like movements in humans with complete spinal cord injury induced by epidural stimulation of the lumbar cord: electromyographic study of compound muscle action potentials","volume":"42","author":"Minassian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3113636","article-title":"Optimization of spinal cord stimulation using Bayesian preference learning and its validation","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib113","article-title":"Autonomous optimization of neuroprosthetic stimulation parameters that drive the motor cortex and spinal cord outputs in rats and monkeys","volume":"4","author":"Bonizzato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib114","first-page":"1730","article-title":"Data and subject heterogeneity and data sharing: keys to translational success in spinal cord injury research?","volume":"18","author":"Fouad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01676-0","article-title":"High-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping at cellular resolution with spatial CITE-seq","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"}],"container-title":["Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715926013553?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094715926013553?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:35:26Z","timestamp":1791459326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094715926013553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":115,"alternative-id":["S1094715926013553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-7159"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-7159","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Single-cell and Spatial Omics Reveal Spinal Cord Injury Microenvironmental Heterogeneity Relevant to Neural Interfaces and Spinal Neuromodulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2026.08.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}