{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1792470535507,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,18]],"date-time":"2016-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":382,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuron"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T15:06:48Z","timestamp":1423148808000},"page":"861-873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["A Neural Implementation of Wald\u2019s Sequential Probability Ratio Test"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Kira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael\u00a0N.","family":"Shadlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2983610","article-title":"Sequential tests in industrial statistics","volume":"8","author":"Barnard","year":"1946","journal-title":"Supple. J. Roy. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg100","article-title":"Timing and neural encoding of somatosensory parametric working memory in macaque prefrontal cortex","volume":"13","author":"Brody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233912","article-title":"Rats and humans can optimally accumulate evidence for decision-making","volume":"340","author":"Brunton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2123","article-title":"Decision-making with multiple alternatives","volume":"11","author":"Churchland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11560","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1844-09.2009","article-title":"Decisions in changing conditions: the urgency-gating model","volume":"29","author":"Cisek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.010","article-title":"How does the brain solve visual object recognition?","volume":"73","author":"DiCarlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr178","article-title":"Neural correlates of perceptual decision making before, during, and after decision commitment in monkey frontal eye field","volume":"22","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05221.x","article-title":"Evidence for time-variant decision making","volume":"24","author":"Ditterich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4010-11.2012","article-title":"The cost of accumulating evidence in perceptual decision making","volume":"32","author":"Drugowitsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/415429a","article-title":"Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion","volume":"415","author":"Ernst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2983","article-title":"Neural correlates of reliability-based cue weighting during multisensory integration","volume":"15","author":"Fetsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01567-9","article-title":"Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli","volume":"5","author":"Gold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00971-6","article-title":"Banburismus and the brain: decoding the relationship between sensory stimuli, decisions, and reward","volume":"36","author":"Gold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038","article-title":"The neural basis of decision making","volume":"30","author":"Gold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/66.2.393","article-title":"Studies in the history of probability and statistics. XXXVII A.M. Turing\u2019s statistical work in World War II","volume":"66","author":"Good","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02260","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.02260","article-title":"A neural mechanism of speed-accuracy tradeoff in macaque area LIP","volume":"3","author":"Hanks","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"A UNIX-based multiple-process system for real-time data acquisition and control","volume":"2","author":"Hays","year":"1982","journal-title":"WESCON Conf. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.030","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff","volume":"76","author":"Heitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.5.1268","article-title":"Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. III. Memory-contingent visual and saccade responses","volume":"49","author":"Hikosaka","year":"1983","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10420","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4684-04.2005","article-title":"Neural activity in macaque parietal cortex reflects temporal integration of visual motion signals during perceptual decision making","volume":"25","author":"Huk","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00088-7","article-title":"Optimal integration of texture and motion cues to depth","volume":"39","author":"Jacobs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4761-07.2008","article-title":"Bounded integration in parietal cortex underlies decisions even when viewing duration is dictated by the environment","volume":"28","author":"Kiani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/5739","article-title":"Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Robust cue integration: a Bayesian model and evidence from cue-conflict studies with stereoscopic and figure cues to slant","volume":"7","author":"Knill","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20001204)428:1<112::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Corticocortical connections of visual, sensorimotor, and multimodal processing areas in the parietal lobe of the macaque monkey","volume":"428","author":"Lewis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1722","article-title":"Cortico-basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in reaction time tasks","volume":"9","author":"Lo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg097","article-title":"A role for neural integrators in perceptual decision making","volume":"13","author":"Mazurek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3248","article-title":"A supramodal accumulation-to-bound signal that determines perceptual decisions in humans","volume":"15","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.03.008","article-title":"Topographic organization in the brain: searching for general principles","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3495","article-title":"Probabilistic brains: knowns and unknowns","volume":"16","author":"Pouget","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.2.59","article-title":"Theory of Memory Retrieval","volume":"85","author":"Ratcliff","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","article-title":"The diffusion decision model: theory and data for two-choice decision tasks","volume":"20","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9475","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-21-09475.2002","article-title":"Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during a combined visual discrimination reaction time task","volume":"22","author":"Roitman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib35","unstructured":"Rombouts, J.O., Bohte, S.M., and Roelfsema, P.R. (2012). Neurally plausible reinforcement learning of working memory tasks. F. Pereira, C.J.C. Burges, L. Bottou, and K.Q. Weinberger, eds. Advances in Neural Information Processing (NIPS 2012) 25, 1880\u20131888."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/20939","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"399","author":"Romo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.047","article-title":"Decision making as a window on cognition","volume":"80","author":"Shadlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1916","article-title":"Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area LIP) of the rhesus monkey","volume":"86","author":"Shadlen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-04-01486.1996","article-title":"A computational analysis of the relationship between neuronal and behavioral responses to visual motion","volume":"16","author":"Shadlen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016926","article-title":"Reward rate optimization in two-alternative decision making: empirical tests of theoretical predictions","volume":"35","author":"Simen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2450","article-title":"Synaptic computation underlying probabilistic inference","volume":"13","author":"Soltani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.19.030196.000545","article-title":"Inferotemporal cortex and object vision","volume":"19","author":"Tanaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01071.2011","article-title":"Decision making by urgency gating: theory and experimental support","volume":"108","author":"Thura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00079","article-title":"Using time-varying evidence to test models of decision dynamics: bounded diffusion vs. the leaky competing accumulator model","volume":"6","author":"Tsetsos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.550","article-title":"The time course of perceptual choice: the leaky, competing accumulator model","volume":"108","author":"Usher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00361-6","article-title":"Windows on the brain: the emerging role of atlases and databases in neuroscience","volume":"12","author":"Van Essen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib47","series-title":"Sequential Analysis","author":"Wald","year":"1947"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730197","article-title":"Optimum character of the sequential probability ratio test","volume":"19","author":"Wald","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/35082081","article-title":"Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules","volume":"411","author":"Wallis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01092-9","article-title":"Probabilistic decision making by slow reverberation in cortical circuits","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.015","article-title":"Rhythmic fluctuations in evidence accumulation during decision making in the human brain","volume":"76","author":"Wyart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05852","article-title":"Probabilistic reasoning by neurons","volume":"447","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Neuron"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896627315000082?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0896627315000082?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T13:32:15Z","timestamp":1566307935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0896627315000082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0896627315000082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0896-6273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-6273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Neural Implementation of Wald\u2019s Sequential Probability Ratio Test","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuron","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}