{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:20:38Z","timestamp":1791411638179,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":379,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCGB 697092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCGB 697092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19NS113201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19NS113201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014373","name":"Stanford University Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000879","name":"Alfred P Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019274","name":"National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32MH020017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH020017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023835","name":"BRAIN Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000872","name":"McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005270","name":"McKnight Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuron"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T14:32:32Z","timestamp":1754577152000},"page":"3458-3475.e12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Competitive integration of time and reward explains value-sensitive foraging decisions and frontal cortex ramping dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Bukwich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm G.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zoltowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyle","family":"Kingsbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momchil S.","family":"Tomov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HyungGoo R.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Drugowitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Linderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoshige","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib1","series-title":"Foraging Theory","author":"Stephens","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2307\/4357","article-title":"Central Place Foraging in Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). I. Patch Residence Time","volume":"53","author":"Kacelnik","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(76)90040-X","article-title":"Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem","volume":"9","author":"Charnov","year":"1976","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.15.110184.002515","article-title":"Optimal Foraging Theory: A Critical Review","volume":"15","author":"Pyke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.beheco.a000381","article-title":"State dependent behavior and the Marginal Value Theorem","volume":"12","author":"Nonacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0010-7","article-title":"Foraging for foundations in decision neuroscience: insights from ethology","volume":"19","author":"Mobbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/275027a0","article-title":"Test of optimal sampling by foraging great tits","volume":"275","author":"Krebs","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/18.4.739","article-title":"Optimal Foraging in Hummingbirds: Testing the Marginal Value Theorem","volume":"18","author":"Pyke","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib9","series-title":"Foraging: Behavior and Ecology","author":"Stephens","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2856","article-title":"Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a patchy environment","volume":"14","author":"Hayden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib11","article-title":"Testing optimal foraging theory in a penguin\u2013krill system","volume":"281","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1940-21.2022","article-title":"Rat anterior cingulate cortex continuously signals decision variables in a patch foraging task","volume":"42","author":"Kane","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1982.38-93","article-title":"FORAGING IN A SIMULATED NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: THERE'S A RAT LOOSE IN THE LAB","volume":"38","author":"Mellgren","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Anal. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156853984X00533","article-title":"Great Tits and Giving-Up Times: Decision Rules for Leaving Patches","volume":"90","author":"Ydenberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arh034","article-title":"Energetic state during learning affects foraging choices in starlings","volume":"15","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8308","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220738110","article-title":"Subjective costs drive overly patient foraging strategies in rats on an intertemporal foraging task","volume":"110","author":"Wikenheiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000196","article-title":"Rats value time differently on equivalent foraging and delay-discounting tasks","volume":"145","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48429","article-title":"Rats exhibit similar biases in foraging and intertemporal choice tasks","volume":"8","author":"Kane","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(82)90018-1","article-title":"Optimal patch use in a stochastic environment","volume":"21","author":"McNamara","year":"1982","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2021.0337","article-title":"Uncertainty drives deviations in normative foraging decision strategies","volume":"18","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1086\/283929","article-title":"Optimal Giving-Up Times and the Marginal Value Theorem","volume":"119","author":"McNair","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(74)90018-9","article-title":"Hunting by expectation or optimal foraging? A study of patch use by chickadees","volume":"22","author":"Krebs","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1086\/284184","article-title":"Stopping Rules for Optimal Foragers","volume":"123","author":"Green","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1086\/283754","article-title":"Prey Distribution as a Factor Determining the Choice of Optimal Foraging Strategy","volume":"117","author":"Iwasa","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2307\/4166","article-title":"Foraging for Patchily-Distributed Hosts by the Parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens","volume":"48","author":"Waage","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.550","article-title":"The time course of perceptual choice: the leaky, competing accumulator model","volume":"108","author":"Usher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","article-title":"The Diffusion Decision Model: Theory and Data for Two-Choice Decision Tasks","volume":"20","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.113.4.700","article-title":"The physics of optimal decision making: a formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks","volume":"113","author":"Bogacz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.01.006","article-title":"Psychology and neurobiology of simple decisions","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038","article-title":"The neural basis of decision making","volume":"30","author":"Gold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233912","article-title":"Rats and Humans Can Optimally Accumulate Evidence for Decision-Making","volume":"340","author":"Brunton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4010-11.2012","article-title":"The cost of accumulating evidence in perceptual decision making","volume":"32","author":"Drugowitsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007060","article-title":"Foraging as an evidence accumulation process","volume":"15","author":"Davidson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01140-0","article-title":"Foraging with the frontal cortex: A cross-species evaluation of reward-guided behavior","volume":"47","author":"Rudebeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216930","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of foraging","volume":"336","author":"Kolling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3994","article-title":"Medial prefrontal cortical activity reflects dynamic re-evaluation during voluntary persistence","volume":"18","author":"McGuire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.001","article-title":"Stable Representations of Decision Variables for Flexible Behavior","volume":"103","author":"Bari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.04.040","article-title":"Distinct Sources of Deterministic and Stochastic Components of Action Timing Decisions in Rodent Frontal Cortex","volume":"94","author":"Murakami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.017","article-title":"Inference-Based Decisions in a Hidden State Foraging Task: Differential Contributions of Prefrontal Cortical Areas","volume":"106","author":"Vertechi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.039","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex is required for optimal waiting based on decision confidence","volume":"84","author":"Lak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01305-8","article-title":"A reservoir of foraging decision variables in the mouse brain","volume":"26","author":"Cazettes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-015-0350-y","article-title":"Learning the opportunity cost of time in a patch-foraging task","volume":"15","author":"Constantino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.05.013","article-title":"An Analysis of Decision under Risk in Rats","volume":"29","author":"Constantinople","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib44","series-title":"Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain","author":"Glimcher","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-005-0131-7","article-title":"Optimal patch time allocation for time-limited foragers","volume":"60","author":"Wajnberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1086\/491691","article-title":"Info-Gap Robust-Satisficing Model of Foraging Behavior: Do Foragers Optimize or Satisfice?","volume":"166","author":"Carmel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.047","article-title":"Decision Making as a Window on Cognition","volume":"80","author":"Shadlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34248","article-title":"Striatal action-value neurons reconsidered","volume":"7","author":"Elber-Dorozko","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01575-w","article-title":"Population coding of strategic variables during foraging in freely moving macaques","volume":"27","author":"Shahidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4056","article-title":"Single-trial spike trains in parietal cortex reveal discrete steps during decision-making","volume":"349","author":"Latimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.031","article-title":"Discrete stepping and nonlinear ramping dynamics underlie spiking responses of LIP neurons during decision-making","volume":"102","author":"Zoltowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib52","article-title":"Large-scale high-density brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates","author":"Trautmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90859.3","article-title":"Direct observation of the neural computations underlying a single decision","volume":"12","author":"Steinemann","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib54","article-title":"Macaques are risk-averse in a freely moving foraging task","volume":"9","author":"Eisenreich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00822-8","article-title":"Learning is shaped by abrupt changes in neural engagement","volume":"24","author":"Hennig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01050-4","article-title":"Hippocampal place codes are gated by behavioral engagement","volume":"25","author":"Pettit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav3932","article-title":"Thirst regulates motivated behavior through modulation of brainwide neural population dynamics","volume":"364","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.028","article-title":"Arousal and Locomotion Make Distinct Contributions to Cortical Activity Patterns and Visual Encoding","volume":"86","author":"Vinck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20723","article-title":"Adaptive gain and the role of the locus coeruleus\u2013norepinephrine system in optimal performance","volume":"493","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.021","article-title":"Slow Drift of Neural Activity as a Signature of Impulsivity in Macaque Visual and Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"108","author":"Cowley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib61","first-page":"201","article-title":"Mice alternate between discrete strategies during perceptual decision-making","volume":"25","author":"Ashwood","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.12.004","article-title":"Extracting the dynamics of behavior in sensory decision-making experiments","volume":"109","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01021-9","article-title":"Opponent control of behavior by dorsomedial striatal pathways depends on task demands and internal state","volume":"25","author":"Bolkan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0533-x","article-title":"Unsupervised identification of the internal states that shape natural behavior","volume":"22","author":"Calhoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03438-y","article-title":"Activation of serotonin neurons promotes active persistence in a probabilistic foraging task","volume":"9","author":"Lottem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-017-0531-y","article-title":"Increased locus coeruleus tonic activity causes disengagement from a patch-foraging task","volume":"17","author":"Kane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib67","first-page":"18872","article-title":"R-learning in actor-critic model offers a biologically relevant mechanism for sequential decision-making","volume":"33","author":"Shuvaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib68","article-title":"Adaptive patch foraging in deep reinforcement learning agents","author":"Wispinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.08.008","article-title":"(Reinforcement?) Learning to forage optimally","volume":"46","author":"Kolling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2318521121","article-title":"Brain mechanism of foraging: Reward-dependent synaptic plasticity versus neural integration of values","volume":"121","author":"Pereira-Obilinovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7893","article-title":"Spontaneous behaviors drive multidimensional, brainwide activity","volume":"364","author":"Stringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0502-4","article-title":"Single-trial neural dynamics are dominated by richly varied movements","volume":"22","author":"Musall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib73","series-title":"The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience","author":"Varela","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01859-1","article-title":"Separating cognitive and motor processes in the behaving mouse","volume":"28","author":"Hasnain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9475","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-21-09475.2002","article-title":"Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during a combined visual discrimination reaction time task","volume":"22","author":"Roitman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34929","article-title":"Causal contribution and dynamical encoding in the striatum during evidence accumulation","volume":"7","author":"Yartsev","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0534-9","article-title":"Neural circuits for evidence accumulation and decision making in larval zebrafish","volume":"23","author":"Bahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.013","article-title":"Fronto-parietal cortical circuits encode accumulated evidence with a diversity of timescales","volume":"95","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07908-w","article-title":"Brain-wide dynamics linking sensation to action during decision-making","volume":"634","author":"Khilkevich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06271-6","article-title":"A rise-to-threshold process for a relative-value decision","volume":"619","author":"Vijayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0459-6","article-title":"Integrating time from experience in the lateral entorhinal cortex","volume":"561","author":"Tsao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1716","article-title":"A cognitive signal for the proactive timing of action in macaque LIP","volume":"9","author":"Maimon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3826","article-title":"Neural antecedents of self-initiated actions in secondary motor cortex","volume":"17","author":"Murakami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62583","article-title":"Slowly evolving dopaminergic activity modulates the moment-to-moment probability of reward-related self-timed movements","volume":"10","author":"Hamilos","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.02260","article-title":"A neural mechanism of speed-accuracy tradeoff in macaque area LIP","volume":"3","author":"Hanks","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.042","article-title":"Engagement of neural circuits underlying 2D spatial navigation in a rodent virtual reality system","volume":"84","author":"Aronov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.013","article-title":"A unified framework for dopamine signals across timescales","volume":"183","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24636","article-title":"Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity","volume":"551","author":"Jun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib89","article-title":"Kilosort: realtime spike-sorting for extracellular electrophysiology with hundreds of channels","author":"Pachitariu","year":"2016","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib90","article-title":"Solving the spike sorting problem with Kilosort","author":"Pachitariu","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib91","first-page":"447995","article-title":"A tool for analyzing electrode tracks from slice histology","author":"Shamash","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01","article-title":"Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent","volume":"33","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v106.i01","article-title":"Elastic Net Regularization Paths for All Generalized Linear Models","volume":"106","author":"Tay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.021","article-title":"Dynamic Reorganization of Neuronal Activity Patterns in Parietal Cortex","volume":"170","author":"Driscoll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib95","unstructured":"Linderman, S., Johnson, M., Miller, A., Adams, R., Blei, D., and Paninski, L. (2017). Bayesian learning and inference in recurrent switching linear dynamical systems. In Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. PMLR, pp. 914-922., pp. 914\u2013922."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008_bib96","unstructured":"Zoltowski, D., Pillow, J., and Linderman, S. (2020). A general recurrent state space framework for modeling neural dynamics during decision-making. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, pp. 11680\u201311691."}],"container-title":["Neuron"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089662732500515X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089662732500515X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:09:48Z","timestamp":1763636988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S089662732500515X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S089662732500515X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.09.05.556267","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0896-6273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0896-6273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Competitive integration of time and reward explains value-sensitive foraging decisions and frontal cortex ramping dynamics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuron","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}