{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:30:14Z","timestamp":1785537014488,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,9]],"date-time":"2009-09-09T12:17:20Z","timestamp":1252498640000},"page":"488-494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Rg1 protects the MPP+-treated MES23.5 cells via attenuating DMT1 up-regulation and cellular iron uptake"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Huamin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxia","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90066-X","article-title":"The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid","volume":"6","author":"Aruoma","year":"1989","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1256","article-title":"Distribution of divalent metal transporter 1 and metal transport protein 1 in the normal and Belgrade rat","volume":"66","author":"Burdo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(98)00083-0","article-title":"The parkinsonian neurotoxin MPP+ opens the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and releases cytochrome c in isolated mitochondria via an oxidative mechanism","volume":"1453","author":"Cassarino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2005.00019.x","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces MPTP-induced substantia nigra neuron loss by suppressing oxidative stress","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01945-9","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates dopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by suppressing oxidative stress","volume":"473","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2005.00034.x","article-title":"Anti-amnestic and anti-aging effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 and its mechanism of action","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0828","article-title":"Increased stress-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in human keratoconus fibroblasts","volume":"47","author":"Chwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-09-03392.1992","article-title":"A novel N18TG2 x mesencephalon cell hybrid expresses properties that suggest a dopaminergic cell line of substantia nigra origin","volume":"12","author":"Crawford","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01255-9","article-title":"MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity in mouse is age-dependent: evidenced by the selective inhibition of complexes of electron transport","volume":"715","author":"Desai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03527.x","article-title":"Distribution of 125I-ferrotransferrin binding sites in the mesencephalon of control subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"60","author":"Faucheux","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/41343","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter","volume":"388","author":"Gunshin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00669-1","article-title":"Time-course and localization of transferrin receptor expression in the substantia nigra of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonian rats","volume":"91","author":"He","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0220-x","article-title":"Upregulation of iron regulatory proteins and divalent metal transporter-1 isoforms in the rat hippocampus after kainate induced neuronal injury","volume":"170","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12345","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.192423399","article-title":"Previously uncharacterized isoforms of divalent metal transporter (DMT)-1: implications for regulation and cellular function","volume":"99","author":"Hubert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib15","first-page":"571","article-title":"Increased DMT1 expression and iron content in MPTP-treated C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sheng Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.03.006","article-title":"Peripheral iron dextran induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in rat substantia nigra","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.1998.0186","article-title":"The human Nramp2 gene: characterization of the gene structure, alternative splicing, promoter region and polymorphisms","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90833-7","article-title":"NF-kappa B: a pleiotropic mediator of inducible and tissue-specific gene control","volume":"58","author":"Lenardo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.10.001","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside-Rg1 in primary nigral neurons against rotenone toxicity","volume":"52","author":"Leung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(97)00041-2","article-title":"Protection of ischemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside Rb1, a main ingredient of ginseng root","volume":"28","author":"Lim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2007.06.008","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture","volume":"1770","author":"Lopez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-3991(95)00757-Q","article-title":"Parkinson's disease\u2013medical education and psychosocial aspects","volume":"26","author":"Oertel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(96)10073-6","article-title":"The ER-overload response: activation of NF-kappa B","volume":"22","author":"Pahl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03702.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide transcriptionally down-regulates specific isoforms of divalent metal transporter (DMT1) via NF-kappaB","volume":"96","author":"Paradkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051296","article-title":"Post-translational and transcriptional regulation of DMT1 during P19 embryonic carcinoma cell differentiation by retinoic acid","volume":"394","author":"Paradkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35738","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005387200","article-title":"Nramp 2 (DCT1\/DMT1) expressed at the plasma membrane transports iron and other divalent cations into a calcein-accessible cytoplasmic pool","volume":"275","author":"Picard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21096","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.34.21096","article-title":"Novel inhibitors of cytokine-induced IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression show anti-inflammatory effects in vivo","volume":"272","author":"Pierce","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.114","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species activate HIV long terminal repeat via post-translational control of NF-kappaB","volume":"376","author":"Pyo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804373105","article-title":"Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) contributes to neurodegeneration in animal models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"105","author":"Salazar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.8690","article-title":"An intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins has the ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells","volume":"246","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05515.x","article-title":"Ferroportin1 and hephaestin are involved in the nigral iron accumulation of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.10.003","article-title":"Rg1 reduces nigral iron levels of MPTP-treated C57BL6 mice by regulating certain iron transport proteins","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2006.08.005","article-title":"Small-molecule screening identifies the selanazal drug ebselen as a potent inhibitor of DMT1-mediated iron uptake","volume":"13","author":"Wetli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S407","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200036051-00119","article-title":"Signal transduction pathways involved in cytokine stimulation of endothelin-1 release from human vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"36","author":"Woods","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.036","article-title":"Antioxidants tiron and N-acetyl-l-cysteine differentially mediate apoptosis in melanoma cells via a reactive oxygen species-independent NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib37","first-page":"964","article-title":"Electromagnetic noise inhibits radiofrequency radiation-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen species increase in human lens epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1306.025","article-title":"Ironing iron out in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases with iron chelators: a lesson from 6-hydroxydopamine and iron chelators, desferal and VK-28","volume":"1012","author":"Youdim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05541.x","article-title":"Neuromelanin can protect against iron-mediated oxidative damage in system modeling iron overload of brain aging and Parkinson's disease","volume":"106","author":"Zecca","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.025","article-title":"Up-regulation of divalent metal transporter 1 is involved in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002_bib41","first-page":"28","article-title":"Calcium channel blockage and anti-free-radical actions of ginsenosides","volume":"110","author":"Zhong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)"}],"container-title":["Neuropharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0028390809003062?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0028390809003062?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T13:48:03Z","timestamp":1706017683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0028390809003062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0028390809003062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3908","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rg1 protects the MPP+-treated MES23.5 cells via attenuating DMT1 up-regulation and cellular iron uptake","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuropharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}