{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:36:52Z","timestamp":1777628212312,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People&apos;s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011DFG33250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011DFG33250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81361120245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81361120245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91132725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91132725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31201011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31201011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,4]],"date-time":"2013-09-04T12:11:04Z","timestamp":1378296664000},"page":"80-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Acetyl-l-carnitine rescues scopolamine-induced memory deficits by restoring insulin-like growth factor II via decreasing p53 oxidation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang-Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ying","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling-Qiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20877","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine-induced up-regulation of heat shock proteins protects cortical neurons against amyloid-beta peptide 1-42-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"84","author":"Abdul","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.09.010","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of curcuminoids on acetylcholinesterase activity and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia may explain medicinal use of turmeric in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"91","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.17.7915","article-title":"Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging","volume":"90","author":"Ames","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90010-1","article-title":"Impairment of spatial but not contextual memory in CaMKII mutant mice with a selective loss of hippocampal LTP in the range of the theta frequency","volume":"81","author":"Bach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077579","article-title":"Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat","volume":"93","author":"Barnes","year":"1979","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(86)90772-7","article-title":"Patterns of memory failure after scopolamine treatment: implications for cholinergic hypotheses of dementia","volume":"45","author":"Beatty","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90973-7","article-title":"Scopolamine induces an increase in muscarinic receptor level in rat hippocampus","volume":"193","author":"Ben-Barak","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/99.3.459","article-title":"Neurotransmitter-related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies","volume":"99","author":"Bowen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029789","article-title":"Conformational altered p53 as an early marker of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Buizza","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(83)90045-X","article-title":"Pathological changes in the nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases","volume":"59","author":"Candy","year":"1983","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4433-10.2011","article-title":"WRP\/srGAP3 facilitates the initiation of spine development by an inverse F-BAR domain, and its loss impairs long-term memory","volume":"31","author":"Carlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00914-0","article-title":"Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. Part I: creatine kinase BB, glutamine synthase, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1","volume":"33","author":"Castegna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09667","article-title":"A\u00a0critical role for IGF-II in memory consolidation and enhancement","volume":"469","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90002-3","article-title":"Cholinergic function and intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"19","author":"Collerton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305799101","article-title":"Involvement of oxidative stress-induced abnormalities in ceramide and cholesterol metabolism in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"101","author":"Cutler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00393.x","article-title":"Scopolamine model of dementia: electroencephalogram findings and cognitive performance","volume":"28","author":"Ebert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90471-9","article-title":"Phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine are decreased in Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease","volume":"417","author":"Ellison","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.09.014","article-title":"Hypericum perforatum extract demonstrates antioxidant properties against elevated rat brain oxidative status induced by amnestic dose of scopolamine","volume":"76","author":"El-Sherbiny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.10.063","article-title":"Effect of acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats and its related mechanisms","volume":"374","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400204","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disorders with extensive tau pathology: a comparative study and review","volume":"40","author":"Feany","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.10.033","article-title":"Opposing roles of transient and prolonged expression of p25 in synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent memory","volume":"48","author":"Fischer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(86)90750-8","article-title":"Scopolamine effects on memory retention in mice: a model of dementia?","volume":"45","author":"Flood","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15331.x","article-title":"Reduced transcription of mitochondrial DNA in the senescent rat. Tissue dependence and effect of L-carnitine","volume":"187","author":"Gadaleta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.6250","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine infusion increases glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"49","author":"Giancaterini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1999.1541","article-title":"Estrogen replacement enhances acquisition of a spatial memory task and reduces deficits associated with hippocampal muscarinic receptor inhibition","volume":"36","author":"Gibbs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1998.1451","article-title":"Estrogen and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: implications for brain aging and Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive decline","volume":"34","author":"Gibbs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9562","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine fed to old rats partially restores mitochondrial function and ambulatory activity","volume":"95","author":"Hagen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90226-Y","article-title":"Brain membrane fluidity and lipid peroxidation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"112","author":"Hajimohammadreza","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90057-9","article-title":"Central nervous system trauma and stroke. II. Physiological and pharmacological evidence for involvement of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation","volume":"6","author":"Hall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib30","first-page":"598","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now?","volume":"119","author":"Halliwell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1988.110","article-title":"Scopolamine reduces frontal cortex perfusion","volume":"8","author":"Honer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb00190.x","article-title":"Abnormalities of glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"640","author":"Hoyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03159971","article-title":"Oxidative energy metabolism in Alzheimer brain. Studies in early-onset and late-onset cases","volume":"16","author":"Hoyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Chem. Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01250574","article-title":"Activity of L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine on cholinoceptive neocortical neurons of the rat in\u00a0vivo","volume":"86","author":"Janiri","year":"1991","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neural Transm. Gen. Sect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.04.015","article-title":"Cognitive-enhancing and antioxidant activities of iridoid glycosides from Scrophularia buergeriana in scopolamine-treated mice","volume":"588","author":"Jeong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14054","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.14054","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors-I and -II differentially regulate endogenous acetylcholine release from the rat hippocampal formation","volume":"94","author":"Kar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48473.x","article-title":"Brain energy metabolizing enzymes in Alzheimer's disease: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and cytochrome oxidase","volume":"826","author":"Kish","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.5.1079","article-title":"Cholinergic 'blockade' as a model for cholinergic depletion. A comparison of the memory deficits with those of Alzheimer-type dementia and the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Kopelman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.09.001","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid on scopolamine-induced amnesia via anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-oxidative activities in mice","volume":"649","author":"Kwon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(05)80059-7","article-title":"Effects of an exogenous beta-amyloid peptide on retention for spatial learning","volume":"62","author":"McDonald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360510","article-title":"Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is increased in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"36","author":"Mecocci","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340416","article-title":"Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age-dependent increases in human brain","volume":"34","author":"Mecocci","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100037276","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro 31P NMR spectroscopy detects altered phospholipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Miatto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200303000-00001","article-title":"Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease","volume":"18","author":"Montgomery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/319774a0","article-title":"Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5","volume":"319","author":"Morris","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.5.1671","article-title":"Evidence for a membrane defect in Alzheimer disease brain","volume":"89","author":"Nitsch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2637fje","article-title":"Intracellular Abeta42 activates p53 promoter: a pathway to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"19","author":"Ohyagi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91670-5","article-title":"Selective increase in lipid peroxidation in the inferior temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"645","author":"Palmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.13.4531","article-title":"Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer disease","volume":"82","author":"Pearson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(95)80001-8","article-title":"Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Pettegrew","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198707000-00002","article-title":"31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of phosphoglyceride metabolism in developing and degenerating brain: preliminary observations","volume":"46","author":"Pettegrew","year":"1987","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(94)90152-X","article-title":"Alterations of cerebral metabolism in probable Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary study","volume":"15","author":"Pettegrew","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-011-9269-2","article-title":"Influence of novel nano-mesoporous bioactive glass on the regulation of IGF-II gene expression in osteoblasts","volume":"62","author":"Quan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00244-4","article-title":"Nefiracetam elevates extracellular acetylcholine level in the frontal cortex of rats with cerebral cholinergic dysfunctions: an in\u00a0vivo microdialysis study","volume":"246","author":"Sakurai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0579-2","article-title":"The significance of the cholinergic system in the brain during aging and in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"113","author":"Schliebs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.23.10771","article-title":"Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging","volume":"91","author":"Shigenaga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10540","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.23.10540","article-title":"Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease","volume":"88","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/07435809709031840","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine effects on nerve conduction and glycemic regulation in experimental diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Soneru","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.11.1726","article-title":"Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"41","author":"Spagnoli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-7107","article-title":"Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease\u2013is this type 3 diabetes?","volume":"7","author":"Steen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5703","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05703.2001","article-title":"Generation of aggregated beta-amyloid in the rat hippocampus impairs synaptic transmission and plasticity and causes memory deficits","volume":"21","author":"Stephan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08858.x","article-title":"Autopsy samples of Alzheimer's cortex show increased peroxidation in\u00a0vitro","volume":"55","author":"Subbarao","year":"1990","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431817","article-title":"Scopolamine challenges in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"87","author":"Sunderland","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.052639","article-title":"Miniature synaptic transmission and BDNF modulate dendritic spine growth and form in rat CA1 neurones","volume":"553","author":"Tyler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8355-9","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates scopolamine-induced memory\/synaptic disorder by rescuing EPACs\/miR-124\/Egr1 pathway","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3510087","article-title":"p53 protein oxidation in cultured cells in response to pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate: a novel method for relating the amount of p53 oxidation in\u00a0vivo to the regulation of p53-responsive genes","volume":"351","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1272","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine attenuates okadaic acid induced tau hyperphosphorylation and spatial memory impairment in rats","volume":"19","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib68","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Regulation of insulin-like growth factor II P3 promotor by p53: a potential mechanism for tumorigenesis","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1998.17.125","article-title":"p53 regulates human insulin-like growth factor II gene expression through active P4 promoter in rhabdomyosarcoma cells","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dna Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2011.1195","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine attenuates homocysteine-induced Alzheimer-like histopathological and behavioral abnormalities","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rejuv. Res."}],"container-title":["Neuropharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0028390813003894?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0028390813003894?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:35:51Z","timestamp":1777426551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0028390813003894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["S0028390813003894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3908","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acetyl-l-carnitine rescues scopolamine-induced memory deficits by restoring insulin-like growth factor II via decreasing p53 oxidation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuropharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}